Morphological characteristics of leaves from some legume forages: relation to digestion and mechanical strength

Leaflets of bloat-causing and bloat-safe forage legumes were examined to identify morphological characteristics which might relate to mechanical strength, rate of digestion, and bloat-causing potential. The bloat-causing legumes were alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and red clover (T. pratense L.). The bloat-safe legumes were cicer milk-vetch (Astragalus cicer L.), birdsfoot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.). Only cicer milk-vetch had reticulate secondary and tertiary vein patterns and collenchyma or bundle sheath cells extending from the vascular tissue to both epidermal layers in the primary, secondary, and tertiary veins. Sainfoin and birdsfoot-trefoil leaflets contained tannin sacs beneath the adaxial epidermis and extending into the mesophyll. Sainfoin also had an intermittent subepidermal layer of cells adjacent to the abaxial epidermis. Sainfoin and cicer milk-vetch leaflets were the least disrupted by shaking with glass beads. Digestion of whole leaflets by rumen microorganisms or a purified leaf-macerating enzyme was less extensive in the bloat-safe species. These digestion results and recent findings on the mechanical strength of leaflets from the same species may be related to secondary and tertiary vein patterns and structure.

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Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control and Establishment of Three Forage Legumes with Three Selective Herbicides

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450008245x ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 376-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Craig G. Davidson ◽

Donald L. Wyse ◽

Robert L. McGraw

Keyword(s):

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Red Clover ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽

Forage Legumes ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Astragalus Cicer ◽

The One ◽

Agropyron Repens

Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} and RO-13-8895 {acetone-O-[d-2-[p-[(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-oxy]phenoxy]propionyl]oxime} were evaluated for quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. ♯ AGRRE] control in ‘Norcen’ birdsfoot trefoil [Lotus corniculatus (L.)], ‘Monarch’ cicer milkvetch [Astragalus cicer (L.) Hook.], and ‘Arlington’ red clover [Trifolium pratense (L.)]. None of the herbicide treatments applied to weed-free legumes 3, 15, and 30 cm tall reduced crop ground cover or seed yield. Postemergence treatments of sethoxydim and RO-13-8895 applied to quackgrass in the one- to four-leaf stage, at rates from 0.56 to 1.1 kg ai/ha, gave control of 57 to 91% in September of the seedling year. Legumes in all postemergence herbicide-treated plots produced more seed than legumes in untreated plots, regardless of time of application. Sequential applications of sethoxydim, RO-13-8895, or fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} at 0.14 plus 0.14 kg ai/ha gave more effective quackgrass control and greater legume ground cover than single applications at 0.28 kg ai/ha.

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FLOODING TOLERANCE OF LEGUMES

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps70-079 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 435-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

D. H. HEINRICHS

Keyword(s):

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Red Clover ◽

Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽

Flooding Tolerance ◽

Damage Growth ◽

Tolerance Level ◽

Melilotus Alba ◽

Trifolium Pratense L ◽

Trifolium Repens L ◽

Astragalus Cicer

According to a greennouse experiment, the relative flooding tolerance of nine legumes was as follows: birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.), 20 days; red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.), and alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.), 15 days; sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.) and cicer milk vetch (Astragalus cicer L.), 10 days; and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.), 5 days. Yellowing of leaves was an excellent indicator of flooding damage. Growth of herbage and roots were arrested when the soil became waterlogged, but plants persisted quite well if flooding was not prolonged beyond the tolerance level indicated.

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Pasture species and cultivars used in New Zealand - a list

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1999.61.2328 ◽

1999 ◽

pp. 147-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J.F.L. Charlton ◽

A.V. Stewart

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Red Clover ◽

Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽

Reference List ◽

Commercial Activity ◽

Animal Products ◽

Prairie Grass ◽

Brome Grass ◽

Industry Needs ◽

Herb Species

In recent years, the number of pasture species and cultivars commercially available to farmers in New Zealand has increased significantly. Reasons for this include increased commercial activity in the development and supply of proprietary cultivars, and more specialisation in New Zealand's pastoral agriculture. In particular, pasture cultivars are increasingly marketed as proprietary products with associated technical support. This year there are 109 certified cultivars available, belonging to 23 grass, legume and herb species. As a result, farmers are now able to develop improved pasture feed supply, but they are somewhat confused about pasture species and cultivars, and this frustrates their aims to produce high quality animal products from productive pastures. Accordingly, the herbage seeds industry needs to work from a clear reference list, to avoid any confusion when supplying farmers and overseas clients with their seed requirements. Our list of pasture species, types and cultivars available within New Zealand aims to be that reference. Keywords: birdsfoot trefoil, brome grass, caucasian clover, chicory, clover, cocksfoot, cultivars, herbs, lotus, lucerne, pasture, phalaris, plantain, prairie grass, red clover, ryegrass, seeds, species, strawberry clover, sub clover, tall fescue, timothy, types, white clover, Yorkshire fog

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Carbohydrate Root Reserves in Alfalfa, Red Clover, and Birdsfoot Trefoil under Several Management Schedules 1

Crop Science ◽

10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183x000200010024x ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 75-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Dale Smith

Keyword(s):

Red Clover ◽

Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽

Root Reserves

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Effective decellularisation of human saphenous veins for biocompatible arterial tissue engineering applications: Bench optimisation and feasibility in vivo testing

Journal of Tissue Engineering ◽

10.1177/2041731420987529 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 204173142098752

Author(s):

Nadiah S Sulaiman ◽

Andrew R Bond ◽

Vito D Bruno ◽

John Joseph ◽

Jason L Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Mechanical Strength ◽

Vascular Tissue ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Host Cells ◽

Replacement Model ◽

In Vivo Testing ◽

Vascular Scaffolds

Human saphenous vein (hSV) and synthetic grafts are commonly used conduits in vascular grafting, despite high failure rates. Decellularising hSVs (D-hSVs) to produce vascular scaffolds might be an effective alternative. We assessed the effectiveness of a detergent-based method using 0% to 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) to decellularise hSV. Decellularisation effectiveness was measured in vitro by nuclear counting, DNA content, residual cell viability, extracellular matrix integrity and mechanical strength. Cytotoxicity was assessed on human and porcine cells. The most effective SDS concentration was used to prepare D-hSV grafts that underwent preliminary in vivo testing using a porcine carotid artery replacement model. Effective decellularisation was achieved with 0.01% SDS, and D-hSVs were biocompatible after seeding. In vivo xeno-transplantation confirmed excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility with recruitment of host cells without mechanical failure, and a 50% patency rate at 4-weeks. We have developed a simple biocompatible methodology to effectively decellularise hSVs. This could enhance vascular tissue engineering toward future clinical applications.

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Effect of Imazethapyr on Legumes and the Effect of Legumes on Weeds

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00039646 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 536-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Robert G. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Red Clover ◽

The Other ◽

Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽

Weed Biomass

A three-year experiment was conducted near Scottsbluff, NE, to evaluate the selectivity of POST-applied imazethapyr for weed control in alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch, red clover, sainfoin, and yellow sweetclover. Imazethapyr injured all legumes 15 DAT. Imazethapyr also reduced the height of birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch, red clover, and yellow sweeclover 28 DAT. Legume first cutting yields were not reduced by imazethapyr and with alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch, and sainfoin, first cutting yields were increased by imazethapyr. Imazethapyr reduced weed biomass in all legume seedings. Weed biomass in new seedings of alfalfa was reduced more than that of the other legumes.

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Leaf Morphoanatomy of Diploon Cronquist (Sapotaceae Juss.)

Biota Neotropica ◽

10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018-0600 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Renata Gabriela Vila Nova de Lima ◽

Liliane Ferreira Lima ◽

Angélica Cândida Ferreira ◽

Josiane Silva Araújo ◽

Carmen Silvia Zickel

Keyword(s):

Vascular System ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Higher Order ◽

External Morphology ◽

Stalk Cell ◽

Palisade Parenchyma ◽

Abaxial Side ◽

Abaxial Epidermis ◽

Venation Pattern ◽

Cell Layers

Abstract: Diploon is a monospecific genus represented by Diploon cuspidatum, an arboreal species that has morphological characteristics distinct from those of other Sapotaceae species. In this study, Diploon cuspidatum leaves were characterized morphoanatomically in order to reveal additional diagnostic characters of their external morphology of the genus. The Diploon petiole presents shape and arrangement of the vascular system flat-convex, occasionally with one or two accessory bundles, many laticifers, and many prismatic crystals. The midrib is biconvex with a U-shaped cuticle on the abaxial side, and laticifers are associated with the vascular tissues. Mesophyll is dorsiventral, palisade parenchyma has two cell layers, T- and Y-shaped malpighiaceous trichomes are on the abaxial epidermis with a small stalk cell and long arm. The venation pattern is brochidodromous. Intersecondary veins run parallel to the secondary veins, and quaternary veins branch freely. Higher order veins are not present. Morphoanatomical analysis revealed important characteristics that reveal a set of structures common to Sapotaceae, in addition to characters that are important for the recognition and identification of D. cuspidatum.

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Pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.2013.75.2897 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 215-220

Author(s):

K.N. Tozer ◽

G.B. Douglas ◽

C.A. Cameron ◽

T.J. Fraser ◽

R.A. Moss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Red Clover ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽

Wet Season ◽

Sowing Time ◽

Hill Country ◽

Viable Seeds ◽

One Year ◽

North And South

To determine the best method of pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country (>20o slope), four treatments were compared in one year on north and south aspects at four sites with contrasting climates and soil types. Sites were located in Waikato (1), Hawke's Bay (2) and Canterbury (1). The treatments included seed mix (grasses, legumes and herbs (GLH); legumes only (LEG)) and sowing time (spring; autumn). Six weeks after sowing, seedling establishment, as a percentage of viable seeds sown, was: i) greater on south than north aspects for perennial ryegrass (31% vs 18%) and birdsfoot trefoil (5% vs 4%); ii) greater for total sown species (14% vs 8%), subterranean clover (7% vs 4%) and red clover (25% vs 14%) in the GLH than LEG mix, but greater for white clover in the LEG than GLH mix (17% vs 8%); iii) greater in autumn than spring for perennial ryegrass (36% vs 13%) and total sown grasses (22% vs 9%) but greater in spring than autumn for lotus (6% vs 3%). Plantain established well in spring in summer-wet environments, while in summer-dry environments establishment was greater in autumn. Broadcasting seed on south aspects during autumn is likely to result in the highest establishment of sown grasses and legumes, but not necessarily of herbs. The trials were conducted in an unusually wet season. Repeating a subset of the treatments at these sites will provide a greater understanding of responses to climatic variation. Keywords: pasture renewal; pasture establishment; pasture mixtures; oversowing.

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