A laboratory culture system for pathological and physiological studies of rooted aquatic plants

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2290-2296 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Hoffmann ◽  
J. A. Colman ◽  
K. M. Kutchera ◽  
E. V. Nordheim ◽  
J. H. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

A biphasic system was designed for growing rooted Eurasian water milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L., to avoid artificial characteristics of flask culture. Aquaria (21 L) containing undergravel filters, air-lift pumps, 50-W heaters, and Plexiglas lids were sterilized in 70% ethanol and assembled aseptically. Plant shoots were rooted separately in polypropylene cups containing 60 g of artificial sediment approximating natural marl. The sediment provided over 90% of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the plants after 22 days growth. Plants were immersed in a mineral-salts medium with levels of nitrogen and phosphorus comparable with lake concentrations. Aeration was at 0.15 L ∙ min−1 and ranges of temperature and light intensity were from 17 to 32 °C and 30 to 250 μE ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1, respectively. The peak photosynthetic rate was 14 mg O2 ∙ g dry weight−1 ∙ h−1. The maximum specific growth rate, 0.14 mg ∙ mg−1 ∙ day−1, occurred at 27 °C and 250 μE ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1 and lasted for about 3 weeks before light became limiting. Bacterial density, ammonium nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus exhibited rapid changes during the first 12 days of the growth period, after which fluctuations diminished. The between-aquaria variance in shoot growth rate was insignificant (P > 0.70). When inorganic carbon in the liquid medium and phosphorus in the sediment were lowered from 2.86 to 1.14 mmol C ∙ L−1 and from 0.7 to 0.2 mg P ∙ g dry weight−1, milfoil growth was reduced by 47 and 74%, respectively. Control of the physiochemical environment, small variability, and high reproducibility make this a sensitive system for discerning various treatment effects, including those of pathogens.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Water Contents During Grain Development and Maturation in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
SY Zee
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Steady Rate

Plants of five cultivars of wheat were grown under controlled-environmental conditions in order to analyse the effect of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus by grains in relation to dry matter. The water relations of the grain during maturation were also examined, using calcium content as an index of water entry. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of grains increased linearly throughout the grain growth period. The percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in grains fell sharply during the first few days after anthesis but rose progressively thereafter. The higher the temperature, and the lower the illuminance, the higher was the percentage of nitrogen in the grain of all cultivars. Such conditions also reduce final grain size, but their effects on nitrogen concentration in the grain were apparent early in grain development. No evidence was found of a flush of nitrogen or phosphorus into the grain late in its development. Water entry into the grain continued at a steady rate until maximum grain dry weight was reached, then ceased suddenly. No evidence was found of an increased rate of water loss by the grain at that stage, and the rapid fall in water content at the cessation of grain growth may have been due to blockage of the chalazal zone of entry into the grain by the deposition of lipids. Accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and entry of water into the grain all ceased at the time of lipid deposition in the chalazal zone.

Reduction of Cladophora Biomass and Tissue Phosphorus in Lake Ontario, 1972–83

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 2212-2215 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Painter ◽  
G. Kamaitis
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Remote Site ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Tissue Phosphorus

Cladophora biomass and tissue phosphorus concentrations at seven sites in Lake Ontario have decreased from 1972 to 1983 in response to phosphorus control programs introduced in the early 1970's. Biomass and tissue phosphorus were significantly different between 1972 and 1982–83 (ANOVA, P < 0.001) but not significantly different between 1982 and 1983. The lakewide average tissue phosphorus was 0.49% in 1972 but by 1982 and 1983 had dropped to 0.26 and 0.20%, respectively, on an ash-free dry weight basis. Tissue phosphorus concentrations did not limit growth in 1972 but in 1983 had begun to limit growth. Model-predicted net production for a 6-wk sampling period in 1983 was 1.7 times greater in the western end of the lake than at a remote site in eastern Lake Ontario due to higher soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations.

Sources, diversity and circulation of biogenic compounds in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Nędzarek
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Marine Macroalgae ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Admiralty Bay ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

AbstractThis paper presents horizontal and seasonal differences in the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface waters of Admiralty Bay. The average annual concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were found to be 1.054 and 0.129 mg dm-3 respectively. Organic nitrogen constituted 59% of total nitrogen on average, while N-NO3- was substantially higher than N-NH4+ (0.362 and 0.062 mgN dm-3, respectively). Organic phosphorus constituted 34% of total phosphorus on average, and the mean annual concentration of reactive phosphorus was 0.085 mgP dm-3. The observed concentrations of N and P were higher in the nearshore area and lower in the central part of the Admiralty Bay basin. In explaining this account was taken of surface runoff into the bay, the decay of marine macroalgae in the tidal area and the excretion of N and P by marine animals. The concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in freshwater streams varied from 0.528–5.698 mgN dm-3 and from 0.088–1.709 mgP dm-3. In laboratory experiments, 24-hour loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus released from the remains of macroalgae into the waters of the bay were estimated at about 6.2 tN and 10.3 tP, while the approximate quantities excreted by macrozoobenthos were 482 kgN and 48 kgP. The availability of N-NH4+ was seen to be greater in the waters of the bay than has been reported for open water in this part of the ocean and water from the Bransfield Strait had a diluting effect on the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the bay. The role of the wind in carrying mineral salts from waters of the Bay to the inland environment was also discussed.

scholarly journals Controls on Nutrient Cycling in Estuarine Mangrove Lake Sediments

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
Michael S. Owens ◽  
Stephen P. Kelly ◽  
Thomas A. Frankovich ◽  
David T. Rudnick ◽  
James W. Fourqurean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Florida Bay ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Species ◽  
Gross Photosynthesis ◽  
Sediment Respiration ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

We estimated the net exchange of nitrogen and phosphorus species using core incubations under light and dark conditions in estuarine lakes that are the aquatic interface between the freshwater Everglades and marine Florida Bay. These lakes and adjacent shallow water Florida Bay environments are sites where the restoration of hydrological flows will likely have the largest impact on salinity. Sediment respiration, measured by oxygen uptake, averaged (±S.D.) −2400 ± 1300, −300 ± 1000, and 1900 ± 1400 μmol m−2 h−1 for dark incubations, light incubations, and gross photosynthesis estimates, respectively, with dark incubations consistent with oxygen uptake measured by microelectrode profiles. Although most fluxes of soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, and N2–N were low under both light and dark incubation conditions, we observed a number of very high efflux events of NH4+ during dark incubations. A significant decrease in NH4+flux was observed in the light. The largest differences between light and dark effluxes of NH4+ occurred in lakes during periods of low coverage of the aquatic macrophyte Chara hornemannii Wallman, with NH4+ effluxes > 200 μmol m−2 h−1. Increasing freshwater flow from the Everglades is expected to expand lower salinity environments suitable for Chara, and therefore, diminish the sediment NH4+ effluxes that may fuel algal blooms.

scholarly journals Vertical phosphorus migration in a biosolids-amended sandy loam soil in laboratory settings: concentrations in soils and leachates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Markunas ◽  
Vadim Bostan ◽  
Andrew Laursen ◽  
Michael Payne ◽  
Lynda McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Soil Leachate ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

The impacts of biosolids land application on soil phosphorus and subsequent vertical migration to tile drainage were assessed in a laboratory setup. Soil, representing typical “nonresponse” Ontario soil as specified by Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), was amended with anaerobically digested biosolids at a rate of 8Mgha−1 (dry weight). Over five months, these amended soil samples from two different depths were sequentially fractionated to determine various inorganic and organic phosphorus pools in order to evaluate phosphorus vertical migration within a soil profile. Soil leachate was analyzed for soluble reactive phosphorus.The results indicated that biosolids application did not significantly affect phosphorus concentrations in soil and did not cause phosphorus vertical migration. The concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus also were not significantly affected by biosolids.

Prescribed fire, soils, and stream water chemistry in a watershed in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Stephens ◽  
Thomas Meixner ◽  
Mark Poth ◽  
Bruce McGurk ◽  
Dale Payne
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Lake Tahoe ◽  
Prescribed Fires ◽  
Lake Tahoe Basin ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Stream Water Chemistry ◽  
Tahoe Basin ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Before Euro-American settlement fire was a common process in the forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin. The combination of drought, fire suppression, and past harvesting has produced ecosystems that are susceptible to high-severity wildfires. Consequently, a program of prescribed fire has been recommended but there is incomplete understanding of the ecological effects of fuels treatments, especially with regard to how treatments will affect the flow of nutrients to Lake Tahoe. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the most important nutrients affecting algal growth, and thus lake clarity. Existing data demonstrate a long-term shift from a co-limitation by both nitrogen and phosphorus to phosphorus limitation. Two high-consumption, moderate-intensity prescribed fires were conducted to determine their effects on soil and stream water chemistry. Stream water calcium concentrations increased in burned watersheds whereas soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations were not significantly different. Prescribed fires released calcium and raised soil pH and this may have resulted in the incorporation of phosphorus into insoluble forms. Stream monitoring data indicates water quality effects last for ~3 months. Prescribed fires did not significantly increase the amount of soluble reactive phosphorus in stream waters. However, additional research is needed to determine if prescribed fire increases erosion or movement of particulate P, particularly in areas with steep slopes.

Uptake and release of nitrogen compounds in coral reef and seagrass, Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers., bed sediments at Lizard Island, Queensland

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
PI Boon
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Interstitial Water ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Primary Amines ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Lizard Island ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

The interstitial water in sediments from coral reef areas and seagrass (T. hemprichii) beds at Lizard Island contained 6-48 �mol l-1 ammonium, 4-7 �mol I-1 nitrate plus nitrite, and 1 .5-2.5 �mol I-1 soluble reactive phosphorus. Concentrations of total dissolved primary amines were an order of magnitude higher in sediments from seagrass beds (about 140 �mol l-1) than from coral reef areas (about 10 �mol I-1). Ammonium-nitrogen was produced at rates of 0.7,6, and 10 nmol g-1 h-1 in sediments from a bare beach, reef flat and seagrass bed, respectively. Added glycine and nitrate were also rapidly metabolized by microbes in the sediment (3 to > 5 nmol g-1 h-1).

scholarly journals Vertical Phosphorus Migration in a Biosolids-Amended Sandy Loam Soil in Laboratory Settings: Concentrations in Soils and Leachates

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yulia Markunas ◽  
Vadim Bostan ◽  
Andrew Laursen ◽  
Michael Payne ◽  
Lynda McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Soil Leachate ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

The impacts of biosolids land application on soil phosphorus and subsequent vertical migration to tile drainage were assessed in a laboratory setup. Soil, representing typical “nonresponse” Ontario soil as specified by Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), was amended with anaerobically digested biosolids at a rate of 8 Mg ha−1 (dry weight). Over five months, these amended soil samples from two different depths were sequentially fractionated to determine various inorganic and organic phosphorus pools in order to evaluate phosphorus vertical migration within a soil profile. Soil leachate was analyzed for soluble reactive phosphorus. The results indicated that biosolids application did not significantly affect phosphorus concentrations in soil and did not cause phosphorus vertical migration. The concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus also were not significantly affected by biosolids.

Effects of tributary inputs on nutrient export from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to the Gulf of Mexico

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuiwang Duan ◽  
Thomas S. Bianchi ◽  
Peter H. Santschi ◽  
Rainer M. W. Amon
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
River System ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Channel Processes ◽  
Particulate Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Mass Balance ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

In order to better understand the seasonal patterns of nutrient loadings from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, nutrient mass balance analyses were performed for the Mississippi River system to separate the effects of primary tributary inputs from in-channel processes. Our results showed that seasonal changes in dissolved inorganic nutrients resulted from conservative mixing of primary tributaries. Maximal values of nitrate plus nitrite (NO3+2) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) fluxes during May through July were largely attributed to inputs from the upper Mississippi River (UMR), which was highest in NO3+2 and SRP levels and contributed more water during this period. Mass balances also showed net losses of particulate nitrogen and phosphorus (29% and 18%, respectively), with the highest values occurring during the falling stage. We speculate that one possible reason was retention of coarse suspended sediments that were mainly derived from the Missouri River. The loss of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus was also apparent (∼12% and 20%, respectively), and the largest loss occurred during summer. This study highlights the importance of divergent processes in controlling different forms of nutrients in large rivers.

scholarly journals Plant Performance and Nutrient Losses during Containerized Landscape Shrub Production using Composted Dairy Manure Solids as a Peat Substitute in Substrate

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Shober ◽  
C. Wiese ◽  
G.C. Denny ◽  
C.D. Stanley ◽  
B.K. Harbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Concerns over the environmental impact and economics of harvesting sphagnum and reed-sedge peat have increased the desire to identify acceptable peat substitutes for use in container substrates. This preliminary study evaluated the use of composted dairy manure solids as a substitute for sphagnum or reed-sedge peat in container substrates for production of woody ornamental shrubs and assessed potential leaching of nutrients. Walter's viburnum (Viburnum obovatum), sandankwa viburnum (Viburnum suspensum), and japanese privet (Ligustrum japonicum) were grown in 3-gal plastic containers with seven substrates containing (by vol.) 60% pine bark, 10% sand, and 30% sphagnum peat (S), reed-sedge peat (R), and/or composted dairy manure solids (C). Substrate composition had no effect on plant quality ratings for any species, growth index (GI) of walter's viburnum, or shoot and root dry weight of walter's viburnum and japanese privet. However, the GI of japanese privet and sandankwa viburnum was the lowest when grown in substrates containing a high percentage of reed-sedge peat (0S:3R:0C). Substrate effects on average nitrate + nitrite nitrogen leachate losses were minimal over the 88-day leachate collection period. However, the substrate containing the highest proportions of composted dairy manure solids (0S:0R:3C) generally had the highest average ammonium nitrogen and dissolved reactive phosphorus losses compared with other substrates. All substrates tested as part of this study appeared to be commercially acceptable for production of container-grown woody ornamental shrub species based on growth and quality. However, average nutrient losses from containers differed depending on the peat or peat substitute used to formulate the substrates.

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