Branch architecture and its relation to shoot-tip abortion in mature Fraxinus pennsylvanica

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
C. G. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Length ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Apical Control ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Shape Class

The architecture of branch complexes, 10 to 14 years old, from mature male and female green ash trees (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.) of two crown shapes was analyzed. Shoot length (annual increment of extension growth) declined with increasing order of branching and 47% of the shoots were less than 30 mm. Although variable, shoot length also tended to decrease along an axis. There was a consistent positive correlation between lengths and numbers of daughter shoots and lengths of parent shoots, but for a given parent length the predicted values declined proportionately with increasing order. An index of apical control comparing the lengths of terminal shoots with the longest lateral shoots revealed weaker apical control with increasing branch order in the broad, rounded crown shape class compared with the narrow shape class. Elevation angles of terminal daughter shoots were highly correlated with that of the parent shoot. When a shoot tip aborted, the terminal was replaced, but a weakening of apical control resulted in the modification of branch development and the formation of forks in certain axes. There was a reduction in the angle of divergence of lateral shoots in response to shoot-tip abortion, the terminal replacements being the most acute. Key words: crown architecture, shoot-tip abortion, green ash, Fraxinus, tree form, branching pattern.

An analysis of architectural parameters of male and female Fraxinus pennsylvanica in relation to crown shape and crown location

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 2035-2043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Campbell G. Davidson ◽  
William R. Remphrey
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Sampling Height ◽  
Shape Class ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Oval Shape

Architectural variables from male and female green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintergerrima (Vahl) Fern.) comprising three different crown-shape classes were analyzed at four different crown levels to determine which variables influenced crown shape. The narrow conical shape class had the largest mid shoot diameters and the smallest shoot tip abortion frequencies. The broad to round shape class had greater abortion frequency overall. In addition, there was less difference in shoot length between the top and bottom of the crown. The more oval shape class was intermediate for both shoot diameters and abortion frequency. Parent and daughter shoot lengths were longer, midshoot diameters larger, and elevation angles greater with increasing sampling height in the tree. Male trees had shorter shoot lengths and shorter and fewer daughter lateral shoots than female trees. Principal component analysis was used to identify shoot lengths, elevation angles, and abortion frequencies as potentially key variables in understanding crown shape in green ash. Interrelationships of many of the architectural variables suggest that a significant change in one may lead to changes in others, which ultimately would lead to changes in overall crown shape.

scholarly journals The effect of nitrogen on growth and architecture of Fraxinus pennsylvanica 'Patmore' (green ash) in Field-grow containers at two sites in Manitoba, Canada

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
C. G. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
Four Levels

Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. 'Patmore' green ash was established at two sites in southern Manitoba. Four levels of N fertilizer (4.5–400 ppm) were applied during two growing seasons. Growth and development of the trees was dependent on the site and local environmental conditions. At Morden, the annual height growth increment was greater with lower levels of N applications and declined at higher levels, while at Winnipeg higher levels resulted in greater growth. Stem diameter changes followed a similar pattern. The numbers of lateral shoots per parent shoot were only weakly affected by N treatment and any differences appeared to be an indirect effect of parental shoot length. The Field-grow containers at the Winnipeg site were installed in crass-sod which penetrated the containers and appeared to result in competition for N resources. The Morden site was kept cultivated and thus there was no such competition. At Morden, it is possible that wicking from the surrounding soil may have moved excessive salts into the containers resulting in high conductivity values and toxicity. Key words: Field-grow, biomass, roots, architecture, fertilization, Fraxinus pennsylvanica

A classification and analysis of crown form in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2188-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
C. G. Davidson ◽  
M. J. Blouw
Keyword(s):  
Tree Age ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Forty-five boulevard green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.), both male and female trees, were selected and numerous morphometric measurements were obtained. Multivariate and univariate techniques applied to the data suggested three crown shape classes based on the pattern of crown diameter changes. The crown shape classes were identified as broad and rounded (group C) to tall and conical (group A), with an intermediate category (group B). Although tree age was not significantly different, group C trees tended to be larger with larger crown areas and basal main-stem diameters compared with groups A and B, which were not different. A visual rating analysis of the woody frame revealed that group A trees tended to have an excurrent form, whereas group C trees were predominately decurrent. When comparing sexes, it was found that male trees were larger, with larger crown areas than females, and they had a greater ratio of crown area to basal stem diameter. The crowns of male trees were generally branchier, with more foliage per unit crown volume than females. It appears that, in terms of growth and form, male trees are probably better suited for use as boulevard trees than female trees. Differences among groups and between sexes are discussed in relation to factors like apical control and reproductive sinks.

Shoot morphology and fate of buds in relation to crown location in young Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 1274-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R Remphrey ◽  
Grant A Bartlett ◽  
Campbell G Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Shoot Bud ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Shoot Size ◽  
Shoot Position ◽  
Morphological Patterns

The relationships between shoot size and morphological patterns and crown location were investigated in 6-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.). In general, shoots were shorter in the inner part of the crown compared with either the top or bottom near the periphery. The differences were related to a reduction in both metamer number and length. In some cases the lower crown location was similar to the upper; in other cases it was similar to the inside. The fate of buds along a shoot was generally dependent on shoot position in the crown. A greater proportion of buds became lateral shoots and inflorescences in the top compared with the bottom of the crown, and the fewest developed towards the inside location. As the number of metamers per shoot increased, there was an increase in the proportion of lateral shoots produced and a decrease in the proportion of inflorescences and (or) aborted buds. For shoots with the same number of metamers per shoot, those in the top produced a greater proportion of inflorescences and lateral shoots compared with the bottom or inside. In all crown locations, the highest number of buds aborted near the base, the greatest proportion of inflorescences occurred in mid-shoot regions, and the largest proportion of lateral shoots occurred near the tip. The information presented in this paper will be used as a component in developing a simulation model of crown development.Key words: architecture, shoot, bud fate, green ash, metamer.

scholarly journals Desiccation Tolerance of Green Ash and Sugar Maple Fine Roots

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Exposed fine roots are subject to desiccation, which may affect their survival as well as new root growth following bare root transplanting. Fine roots of dormant 1-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings, subjected to desiccation treatments of 0, 1, 2, or 3 hours in December and March, lost up to 82 percent of their water. Root electrolyte leakage, a measure of cell damage, tripled after three hours of desiccation. The increase was moderately, but significantly, greater in March for both species. Desiccation treatments had no effect on fine root survival. Growth of new roots (RGP) was also unaffected by desiccation treatments. RGP of maple was greater in March than December, but not ash.

Tolerance of Planed Hardwoods to Spring Flooding

1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Nyssa Aquatica ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Water Tupelo ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract Cuttings of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and seedlings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were planted on a slackwater clay (Vertic Haplaquept) in western Mississippi in two consecutive years and inundated soon after foliation. During each of the two years, survival following flooding was consistently high for water tupelo, green ash, and sycamore, low for cottonwood, and intermediate for sweetgum. With the exception of green ash, however, all species lost their leaves and died back to the root collar during flooding. Thus trees, other than ash, that were living at the end of the growing season had originated from root collar sprouts.

Sex Differences in Green Ash

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-174
Author(s):  
John T. Talbert ◽  
Robert D. Heeren
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sufficient Variation ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Male Superiority

Abstract A disproportionately large number of first-generation selections from natural stands of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) have been male. A study was undertaken to determine if male and female green ash differed in several important economic characteristics. Only straightness differences could be shown to be statistically significant, and, even for this trait, several opinions were needed to detect male superiority. Sufficient variation should exist in natural stands to allow inclusion of superior individuals of both sexes in a tree-improvement program.

Juvenile tree growth in relation to light availability in second-growth tropical rain forests

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Palomaki ◽  
Robin L. Chazdon ◽  
J. Pablo Arroyo ◽  
Susan G. Letcher
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Made In

Light is a key environmental factor limiting growth and survival of trees in the subcanopy of wet tropical forests (Davies 2001, Thomas 1996). Light availability varies both vertically and horizontally and affects tree height, crown shape and tree architecture (Bongers & Sterck 1998, Sterck & Bongers 2001, Sterck et al. 1999) in addition to growth and survival (Clark & Clark 1992, 2001). Although many studies of tree seedlings and saplings have shown that growth varies significantly with light availability in tropical wet forests (Clark et al. 1993, Iriarte & Chazdon 2005, King 1991, Kohyama 1991, Montgomery & Chazdon 2002, Oberbauer et al. 1988, 1993; Poorter & Werger 1999, Sterck et al. 1999, Welden et al. 1991), few studies have examined these relationships in size classes above 5 cm dbh (Sterck 1999). King et al. (2005) found that annual increment growth of trees in the 8–20-cm dbh size class in two Asian forests was positively dependent on an index of crown light interception, but no direct measurements of light availability were taken in this study. Due to logistical challenges, few direct measurements of light environments above tree crowns have been made in tropical forests (Sterck & Bongers 2001). To our knowledge, no measurements have been made in second-growth forests.

Heteroblastic seedlings of green ash. I. Predictability of leaf form and primordial length

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2645-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Leaf Form ◽  
Compound Leaf ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Plastochron Index

Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima) seedlings are heteroblastic; during development they produce two types of leaves, simple and compound. When grown under controlled conditions, the sequence of leaf types is predictable. Simple leaves are always at the first four nodes; compound leaves are always at node 8 and above. Nodes 5 through 7 have progressively fewer simple leaves and more compound leaves. Leaf growth on seedlings meets the preconditions of the plastochron index and leaf plastochron index. These indices, as well as the length of single expanding leaves, can be used to predict lengths of leaf primordia at nodes 4 and 8 so that early, simple and compound leaf development can be compared in further studies of green ash.

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