Kepemimpinan Perempuan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an

The issue of the status of women in Islamic studies is still interesting and inexhaustible and invites polemics. Historical facts prove that women were placed in an inferior position almost throughout Muslim history while men were in a superior position. It’s happening because of the interpretation of the Qur'an carried out by classical commentators who tend to be influenced by deeply entrenched patriarchal culture. In the view of a society that adheres to patriarchy, the view of subordinating women to male superiority is influenced by religious doctrine but if you look at the doctrine of Islam itself, it turns out that the idea of egalitarianism is highly upheld. Basically, the Qur'an provides an obvious justification for the equality of women with men but at the level of reality, it turns out that egalitarian ideas in the Qur'an often clash with public responses that tend to be biased.

#Choose to challenge - the value of women

I choose to challenge the value of women in a South Africa based on gender roles and socialisation, leading to female inferiority and male superiority. Some South Africans display their gender roles based on cultural, societal and psychological behaviours of being a man or a woman. Keeping this in mind may help understand specific societal issues that South African women face. This essay investigates some prominent features that societal organisation has placed on gender that may lead to more significant problems if unattended.

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF KAIDAH AL-TAZKÎR AND AL-TA’NÎS IN PARADIGM OF GENDER EQUALITY INTERPRETATION

The rules of al-tazkîr and al-ta'nîs\ (masculinity and femininity) formulated by classical interpretation don’t adhere to the principle of equality. This is triggered by exclusivity of men as a necessity of applying these rules, which causes superiority of male (muzakkar) and inferiority of women (mu'annas). This paper aims to illustrate the rules of al-tazkîr and al-ta'nîs in the classical period, how the current reconstruction was, and what motives inspired the reconstruction. With Thomas Kuhn's theory of scientific revolution, this literature research finds that the rule of al-taz\kîr and al-ta'nîs\ was originally adopted from Arabic grammar, and it’s full of male superiority. Then, experiencing a shift, which was initially partial because it was only oriented towards language, into a theory of equality with its various forms that were more responsive to women. The theories chronologically include maqasid musawah (Ibn 'Ashur, w. 1973), the reciprocal theory of the Prophet's hadith (Abu Shuqqah, w. 1995), and Qira'ah Mubadalah (Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir). In addition, the motive for this shift is that the rule of al-tazkîr and al-ta'nîs is unable to answer the problem of gender inequality, so reconstruction efforts need to be carried out..

“It Never Happened”: The Perpetuation of Female Powerlessness and Male Superiority in Nigerian Christian Films

The feminine image, as a gendered discourse, requires attention to ethical and gender details so that its textual representations do not promote biases and discriminations but rather counter them. While previous studies have investigated the gendering of the feminine figure in secular Nollywood, few have extended similar investigations to Nigerian Christian/evangelical films. This article attends to this gap with the feminist stylistic/textual analysis of Tumini’s Song (2005) and Never Happened (2008). Chronicling the lives of girls who defy a childhood characterised by abuse and social oppression and grow into womanhood defined by personal fulfilment and the erasure of the past because of their Christian faith, it is implied that the two films advocate sociocultural conditions in which vulnerable females have a right to life and self-fulfilment. However, because the films are sermon films that intend to teach the doctrines of forgiveness and divine retribution, they neither formulate appropriate responses to the breaches of women’s rights nor counter women’s constant vulnerability. Consequently, the films perpetuate female powerlessness and male superiority rather than countering these dynamics. This article concludes that Christian films may need to pay attention to ethical and gender issues alongside their intent to proselytise.

Condemnation of Patriarchal Preeminence in Sula

Published in 1973, the black writer Toni Morrison’s novel Sula narrates a journey of the main protagonist Sula, who after learning that male chauvinist forces have perennially stunted her spontaneous growth, decides to protest and rebel against those very forces. This article analyzes the novel from feminist lens to explore how far the main protagonist Sula denies hierarchical order of male superiority. The paper provides critical remarks about Sula, then employs feminism as a theoretical tool, and applies the same theory to analyze the text to present Sula’s resistance.

“She Did That!”

Women in the ancient world have been presented by biblical writers and understood by later interpreters as either “good” or “bad” depending on how well they followed patriarchal rule. Women who claimed their own autonomy and made decisions that benefited themselves or their loved ones, despite patriarchal hegemony, were viewed as “stepping out of their place.” However, this claiming of full personhood, of rejecting or resisting male superiority should be understood as female agency. This article examines, reimagines, and celebrates female agency in New Testament texts from a womanist perspective and encourages contemporary interpreters to do the same.

Harakah dan Kemandirian Perempuan

Women have equal access to men in their role in society. The macro context, which is entirely different, has an impact on the problem of the interpretation of the Koran as a whole and specifically concerning the harakah and independence of women. The Koran does not say that all men have more advantages than all women. But the Koran says "some of you over others outperform". Some men excel over some women and vice versa. The view that expresses male superiority towards women and limits the need for women only to the domestic aspect should consider macro contexts in the past with their current macro context. To realize the dignity and independence of women and to preserve their rights, nature, and identity, women are required to be aware of their potential and prove their ability in the real world.

Eksistensi Anak Perempuan dalam Hukum Kewarisan Syiah

This is a bibliographical research that discusses the justice of girls in Shi’ah inheritance system. The issue which is the subject of discussion is the position of female heirs, especially girls, who in Sunni inheritance system is not treated equally with other heirs, whether they are equal or not. Because in the Sunni inheritance system, male superiority is highly exalted. Between sons and daughters, even though they are equal in the eyes of the heir, still have an unbalanced power in veiling other heirs. Whereas in Shi’ah inheritance system, girls are positioned as equals to boys. They have the same hijab power. In addition, Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 1991 concerning Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) also applies the principle of equality between girls and boys in terms of veiling other heirs. Nevertheless, KHI did not adopt the class system directly. However, it is explicitly stated in article 181 and article 182 that the existence of a daughter causes sibling, sibling with the same mothe or sibling with the same father does not receive part of the inheritance.

Male Superiority in Quran: A Critical Appraisal

The role of a woman as an individual in many Muslim societies has been undermined. When the Quran uses the word 'Nafs' or person, it describes the relation of the individual with Allah without taking into account any difference of male or female. Quran is the last revelation on Earth has to be interpreted in its best meaning. The superiority of male in the Quran must be read with conditions attached to it. Only those men who are breadwinners are preferred. Secondly, faddala does not mean preference of all men overall women, but the word ba'd have been specifically used in the said verse. Moreover 'Daraba' interpreted as beating or scourging of a wife by husband in order to make her obedient is not supported by any tradition of the Prophet (SAW). Ijtehad or independent reasoning must be encouraged for the revival of Islamic jurisprudence.