Effects of physical preservation methods on sclerotial germination in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus in stored grain

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1206-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Menasherov ◽  
N. Paster ◽  
R. Nitzan
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Modified Atmospheres ◽  
Irradiation Dosage ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Sclerotial Germination

Germination of sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus was assessed following gamma irradiation during exposure to different levels of relative humidities or to various modified atmospheres. The effect of combined treatments on germination was also studied. No sclerotia of either fungi germinated following irradiation with 2.5 kGy. At 80% relative humidity, germination was almost completely inhibited during 50 days of exposure. Sclerotia of A. flavus were found to tolerate higher levels of CO2 than those of A. ochraceus, and 100% germination of the former, but not the latter, occurred at 80% CO2 (given with either 20 or 5% O2). Germination of A. flavus sclerotia was markedly reduced only at modified atmospheres of 40% CO2 and 1% O2. Working with two sublethal dosages of gamma irradiation, 1.0 and 1.5 kGy, it was demonstrated that less CO2 was needed in the atmosphere (with 20% O2) to reduce germination as the irradiation dosage increased. The advantages of the combined treatment compared with each treatment applied alone are discussed. Key words: sclerotia, germination, Aspergillus, inhibition, physical methods.

Possible Synergistic Effect of Nisin and Propionic Acid on the Growth of the Mycotoxigenic Fungi Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus ochraceus, and Fusarium moniliforme

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1223-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
NACHMAN PASTER ◽  
ZHOU LECONG ◽  
MAZAL MENASHROV ◽  
RONI SHAPIRA
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi

The effects of nisin and propionic acid (PA) on aflatoxin production and on mycelial growth and spore germination of the mycotoxigenic fungi Aspergillus parasiticus, A. ochraceus, and Fusarium moniliforme were investigated. The growth of A. ochraceus was completely inhibited on media containing PA with nisin in concentrations of 0.05% PA with 1,000 ppm nisin, and 0.1% PA with 500 or 1,000 ppm nisin. The growth of both F. moniliforme and A. parasiticus was completely inhibited by PA with nisin at a concentration of 0.1% PA with 1,000 ppm nisin. Nisin alone caused a significant increase in mycelial growth when applied to A. ochraceus at 500 or 1,000 ppm and when applied to A. parasiticus at 1,000 ppm. Spore germination of A. ochraceus was completely inhibited on media containing 0.1% PA with 500 or 1,000 ppm nisin. Spores of F. moniliforme failed to germinate in 0.05% PA with 500 or 1,000 ppm nisin, whereas spores of A. parasiticus did not germinate on media containing 0.1% PA with 1,000 ppm nisin. For all three fungi tested, the inhibitory effect on mycelial growth was found to be fungistatic rather than fungicidal. The combined treatment of PA with nisin produced better fungistatic activity than treatment involving either material alone. Nisin, applied alone, did not stimulate aflatoxin production (expressed by μg toxin/mg mycelium), but the combined treatment at certain concentrations was inhibitory to aflatoxin B1 or G1. The production of aflatoxin G1, but not of B1, was stimulated in 0.05% PA with 1,000 ppm nisin and on media containing 0.1% PA with 100 ppm nisin. Nisin is currently applied in foods to prevent spoilage induced by bacteria but not by mold. The results of the present study indicate that a combined treatment of nisin in small concentrations of PA might be useful in preventing mold damage in certain foods and stored grain.

scholarly journals BZD9L1 sirtuin inhibitor as a potential adjuvant for sensitization of colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 175883591987897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Jer Tan ◽  
Yeuan Ting Lee ◽  
Sven H. Petersen ◽  
Gurjeet Kaur ◽  
Koji Kono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Hct 116 ◽  
Hct 116 Cells ◽  
Tumour Proliferation

Background: This study aims to investigate the combination effect of a novel sirtuin inhibitor (BZD9L1) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and to determine its molecular mechanism of action in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: BZD9L1 and 5-FU either as single treatment or in combination were tested against CRC cells to evaluate synergism in cytotoxicity, senescence and formation of micronucleus, cell cycle and apoptosis, as well as the regulation of related molecular players. The effects of combined treatments at different doses on stress and apoptosis, migration, invasion and cell death mechanism were evaluated through two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures. In vivo studies include investigation on the combination effects of BZD9L1 and 5-FU on colorectal tumour xenograft growth and an evaluation of tumour proliferation and apoptosis using immunohistochemistry. Results: Combination treatments exerted synergistic reduction on cell viability on HCT 116 cells but not on HT-29 cells. Combined treatments reduced survival, induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence and micronucleation in HCT 116 cells through modulation of multiple responsible molecular players and apoptosis pathways, with no effect in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Combination treatments regulated SIRT1 and SIRT2 protein expression levels differently and changed SIRT2 protein localization. Combined treatment reduced growth, migration, invasion and viability of HCT 116 spheroids through apoptosis, when compared with the single treatment. In addition, combined treatment was found to reduce tumour growth in vivo through reduction of tumour proliferation and necrosis compared with the vehicle control group. This highlights the potential therapeutic effects of BZD9L1 and 5-FU towards CRC. Conclusion: This study may pave the way for use of BZD9L1 as an adjuvant to 5-FU in improving the therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Effect of Other Toxigenic Mold Species on Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus in Sterile Broth Shake Culture

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 449-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP B. MISLIVEC ◽  
MARY W. TRUCKSESS ◽  
LEONARD STOLOFF
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Penicillium Citrinum ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Shake Culture ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Heat Stable

The effect of Aspergillus ochraceus, A. versicolor, Penicillium citrinum, P. cyclopium and P. urticae on production of aflatoxin by A. flavus when grown together with A. flavus in rotary shake culture was investigated. The two aspergilli had no apparent effect on aflatoxin production, whereas all three Penicillium species substantially lowered aflatoxin production. The toxins that these penicillia produced when growing in pure culture were not found when the penicillia were grown with A. flavus. However, these toxins had no effect on aflatoxin production added to the growth media, nor did the three molds metabolize aflatoxin. When A. flavus was grown in both filter- and autoclave-sterilized filtrates of these three species, no aflatoxins were produced, although A. flavus grew well. These results suggest that although A. ochraceus and A. versicolor have no apparent effect on aflatoxin production, P. citrinum, P. cyclopium and P. urticae produce heat-stable, nonfilterable metabolite(s) which inhibit(s) aflatoxin production by actively growing A. flavus.

scholarly journals Synergistic anticryptosporidial potential of the combination alpha-1-antitrypsin and paromomycin.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 2006-2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Forney ◽  
S Yang ◽  
M C Healey
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Serine Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Alpha 1 Antitrypsin ◽  
Concentration Indices

The combined effect of the serine protease inhibitor alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) and the aminoglycoside paromomycin on Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro was investigated. AAT and paromomycin were mixed with C. parvum oocysts as either single or combined treatments and used to inoculate epithelial cell cultures. Single- and combined-treatment groups had significantly lower (P < 0.01) parasite numbers than untreated controls. The mean fractional inhibitory concentration indices suggested significant synergistic activity.

Proteolytic and Lipolytic Activities of some Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Aspergilli and Penicillia

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. EL-GENDY ◽  
E. H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Penicillium Roqueforti ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Penicillium Cyclopium ◽  
Penicillium Patulum

Eighteen strains of Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus, one of Aspergillus ochraceus and 12 strains or species of Penicillium, many of them isolated from cheese, were evaluated for their proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Strains of A. flavus exhibited considerable proteolytic and little lipolytic activity, whereas the reverse was true for strains of A. parasiticus. Of the Penicillium cultures tested, 10 exhibited considerable lipolytic activity, but only five had marked proteolytic activity. Two cultures, Penicillium patulum M59, and Penicillium cyclopium No. 8, were markedly lipolytic and proteolytic. Of the other cultures, greatest lipolytic activity was associated with Penicillium roqueforti 849, Penicillium puberulum No. 33, A. parasiticus NRRL 3145 and NRRL 465 and A. ochraceus NRRL 3174, whereas greatest proteolytic activity of all the cultures was associated with P. patulum M59, P. cyclopium No. 25 and A. flavus WB500, 4018, 4098 and NRRL 5565.

scholarly journals Toxicity at the cellular level of artificial synthetic flavorings

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Ila Monize Sousa Sales ◽  
Jussara Damascena de Oliveira ◽  
Fabelina Karollyne Silva dos Santos ◽  
Lidiane De Lima Feitoza ◽  
João Marcelo de Castro e Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Root Meristem ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Division Rate ◽  
Cell Division Rate ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Genotoxic Action

 The goal of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of artificial synthetic flavoring agents cookie and tutti-frutti. To this end, root meristem cells of Allium cepa L. were exposed to these substances in exposure times of 24 and 48 hour using individual doses of 0.3; 0.6 and 0.9 mL and doses combined as follows: 0.3 mL + 0.3 mL; 0.6 mL and 0.9 mL + 0.6 mL + 0.9 mL. After applying the treatments, root meristems were fixed, hydrolyzed, stained and analyzed a total of 5,000 cells using an optical microscope to evaluate each dose and combined treatment. All three doses of cookie flavoring and combined treatments significantly inhibited cell division of the tissue studied. Doses of tutti-frutti caused no change in cell division rate. In addition, doses of both flavorings and treatments combining these solutions induced cell aberrations in a significant number of cells to the A. cepa system. Therefore, under these analytical conditions, cookie flavoring and combined doses were cytotoxic and genotoxic, and tutti-frutti flavoring, although non-cytotoxic, demonstrated genotoxic action. 

Increased Inactivation of Ozone-Treated Clostridium perfringens Vegetative Cells and Spores on Fabricated Beef Surfaces Using Mild Heat†

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN S. NOVAK ◽  
JAMES T. C. YUAN
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Subsequent Heating ◽  
Confocal Fluorescence ◽  
Margin Of Safety

Ozone treatment of beef surfaces enhanced the effectiveness of cooking temperatures ranging from 45 to 75°C against enterotoxin-producing strains of Clostridium perfringens. Vegetative cells on beef surfaces at an initial concentration of 5.59 ± 0.17 log CFU/g were reduced significantly (P &lt; 0.05) to 4.09 ± 0.72 log CFU/g and 3.50 ± 0.90 log CFU/g after combined treatments with aqueous ozone (5 ppm) and subsequent heating at 45 and 55°C, respectively. Spores on the beef surface were likewise significantly reduced from an initial concentration of 2.94 ± 0.37 log spores per g to 2.07 ± 0.38 log spores per g and 1.70 ± 0.37 log spores per g after the combined treatment with aqueous ozone (5 ppm) and subsequent heating at 55 and 75°C, respectively. Fluorescent nucleic acid stains were used with confocal fluorescence microscopy to show that spores remaining attached to the meat were protected from treatment-specific injury. This study provides evidence for the decreased resistance of both vegetative cells and spores of C. perfringens with ozone treatment that is followed by heat treatment at temperatures that would not otherwise be as effective, thus lowering the requirements for cooking beef while maintaining a margin of safety.

Evidence for the treatment of moderate depression: a systematic review

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Aherne ◽  
A. Fitzgerald ◽  
C. Aherne ◽  
N. Fitzgerald ◽  
M. Slattery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Moderate Depression ◽  
Different Levels

ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate existing evidence for the effectiveness of psychological treatments and/or antidepressant medication as a treatment for those diagnosed with moderate levels of depression.MethodsA PRISMA systematic review of articles using electronic research databases (2000–2014) was conducted to identify studies investigating the effectiveness of psychotherapy and/or medication as a treatment for people with moderate levels of depression. Search terms included moderate depression, psychotherapy and/or medication, depressive disorders, antidepressants, psychotherapy, mental health services, and randomized-controlled trial (RCT). The included studies were then assessed, extracted, and synthesised.ResultsA total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria (11 RCTs and three additional studies) for this review. The findings of the systematic review indicate that there is limited evidence available specific to the treatment of moderate depression and that this research seems to suggest that psychotherapy or combined treatment has a beneficial effect.ConclusionsGiven that depression is one of the biggest challenges the world faces at present, further research is required to examine the effectiveness of treatment for different levels of depression severity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document