Proteolytic and Lipolytic Activities of some Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Aspergilli and Penicillia

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. EL-GENDY ◽  
E. H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Penicillium Roqueforti ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Penicillium Cyclopium ◽  
Penicillium Patulum

Eighteen strains of Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus, one of Aspergillus ochraceus and 12 strains or species of Penicillium, many of them isolated from cheese, were evaluated for their proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Strains of A. flavus exhibited considerable proteolytic and little lipolytic activity, whereas the reverse was true for strains of A. parasiticus. Of the Penicillium cultures tested, 10 exhibited considerable lipolytic activity, but only five had marked proteolytic activity. Two cultures, Penicillium patulum M59, and Penicillium cyclopium No. 8, were markedly lipolytic and proteolytic. Of the other cultures, greatest lipolytic activity was associated with Penicillium roqueforti 849, Penicillium puberulum No. 33, A. parasiticus NRRL 3145 and NRRL 465 and A. ochraceus NRRL 3174, whereas greatest proteolytic activity of all the cultures was associated with P. patulum M59, P. cyclopium No. 25 and A. flavus WB500, 4018, 4098 and NRRL 5565.

Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Strains of Aspergilli and Penicillia Grown in the Presence of Sodium Chloride Cause Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Protein, Fat and Hydrogen Peroxide

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
FATHY E. EL-GAZZAR ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Eight strains of Aspergillus flavus, three of Aspergillus parasiticus, one of Aspergillus ochraceus and ten of Penicillum spp. were evaluated for their ability to hydrolyze protein, fat and hydrogen peroxide when the molds were grown in the presence of different amounts (0–10%) of sodium chloride. Proteolytic and lipolytic activities of strains of A. flavus generally increased with an increase in the amount of sodium chloride in the medium. This was true for proteolytic and less so for lipolytic activity of A. parasiticus and A. ochraceus. Of the penicillia tested, five exhibited a marked increase and five a smaller increase in proteolytic and lipolytic activity at 2, 4 and 6% sodium chloride, but such activity either remained constant or decreased at 8 and 10% sodium chloride. Peroxidase activity in mycelia of all strains of aspergilli increased with an increase of sodium chloride in the medium. Most strains of Penicillium spp. exhibited maximum peroxidase activity at 2% sodium chloride, and some reduction in activity when the amount of sodium chloride in the medium exceeded 2%.

Depletion of Sorbate from Different Media During Growth of Penicillium Species

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 398-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA L. FINOL ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH ◽  
ROBERT C. LINDSAY
Keyword(s):  
Paper Chromatography ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Penicillium Roqueforti ◽  
Species Concentration ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Penicillium Crustosum ◽  
Penicillium Cyclopium ◽  
Penicillium Viridicatum

Penicillium cyclopium, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium puberulum, Penicillium cyclopium (atypical strain), Penicillium crustosum and Penicillium lanoso-viride were isolated from spoiled cheese. These molds grew and depleted sorbate from media when the chemical was present initially at a concentration of up to 3,000, 10,000, 6,000, 12,000, 12,000, 7,000 and 3,000 ppm, respectively. A combination of paper chromatography and spectrophotometry was used to determine amounts of residual sorbate. Seventy-one to 100% of sorbate present initially was depleted from media by the various molds during 4–20 days of incubation at 21°C and 22–48 days at 4°C. The substrate influenced growth of mold and depletion of sorbate, but uniform behavior was not observed for all the Penicillium species studied. For example, presence of 3,000 ppm of sorbate plus 1% casein in the medium inhibited P. cyclopium and P. lanoso-viride but not the other five species. Concentration of sorbate (3,000 – 9,000 ppm) plus temperature (4, 12, 21 °C) were important for inhibitory action of the preservative on P. cyclopium, P. viridicatum, P. crustosum and P. lanoso-viride but not P. puberulum, P. cyclopium (atypical strain) which grew at 4 °C and depleted sorbate when the initial concentration was up to 9,000 ppm and P. roqueforti which grew at up to 6,000 ppm at the same temperature.

scholarly journals Fungal Biodeterioration, Aflatoxin Contamination, and Nutrient Value of “Suya Spices”

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Segun Gbolagade Jonathan ◽  
Mary Adejoke Adeniyi ◽  
Michael Dare Asemoloye
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Aflatoxin Content ◽  
Trichoderma Koningii ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
Aflatoxin B

This work aimed to analyze the nutrient values, examine the biodeteriorating fungi biota, and analyze the mycotoxin contents of “Suya spices.” Fungi with highest percentage occurrence on all the samples areAspergillus niger,Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus parasiticus,Aspergillus ochraceus,Fusariumsp.,Rhizopus stolonifer, yeast, andTrichoderma koningii. Nutrient composition of the samples is significantly different statistically (P<0.05) with high protein (9.53% to 13.17%), fiber (9.27 to 13.17%), carbohydrate (46.27% to 50.90%), and ash (8.47% to 9.70%) contents but low moisture (9.03% to 9.47%) and fat (9.77% to 13.53%) contents. Aflatoxin analysis of the samples revealed that they all contain aflatoxin in varying amount but no detectible aflatoxin content in the control. 59.54% of the detected aflatoxin is aflatoxin B1with highest recorded in Agbowo, Mokola, and Sango samples (i.e., 28.03, 22.44, and 13.8 μg/kg, resp.). 4.78% of the aflatoxin is aflatoxin B2which is only found in Sango and Mokola samples (3.59 and 2.6 μg/kg, resp.). 32.76% of aflatoxin is aflatoxin G1with the highest found in Agbowo and Mokola samples (i.e., 18.63 and 10.41 μg/kg, resp.). 2.93% of the aflatoxin is aflatoxin G2which is only detected in Sango and Agbowo samples (i.e., 1.19 and 2.65 μg/kg, resp.).

Sporicidal Action of Hydrogen Peroxide on Conidia From Toxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 617-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHELLEY Y. BUCHEN ◽  
E. H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spore Concentration ◽  
Survival Curves ◽  
Toxigenic Strains ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Logarithmic Reduction

Effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide was evaluated as a sporicidal agent aginst conidia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and 3315, and Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3353. Conidia were harvested from 7-, 10-, and 14-day-old mold cultures grown on modified Moyer's agar, treated with hydrogen peroxide, and then were recovered with mycological agar. An initial spore concentration of 5 × 105 to 1 × 106 per ml was treated with 2, 4, and 6% (wt/vol) peroxide at 40, 30, and 20 C. Survival curves were not straight logarithmic but tended to tail off at the end. Time required for 99.9% reduction of spores ranged from minutes to an hour, and on rare occasions it took hours to achieve the first logarithmic reduction. Conidia of NRRL 3353 consistently were most resistant among the three strains tested. Conidia of NRRL 2999 and 3315 were equally sensitive to peroxide in most instances, although time required for 99.9% destruction of the latter was occasionally greater. Conidia from 14-, and 10-day-old cultures of NRRL 3315 and 3353, respectively, were more resistant than conidia from the other mold cultures. Resistance of conidia from NRRL 2999 was not affected by age of the culture.

scholarly journals Prevalence of mould in chicken meat-cuts, giblets and products with immunoaffinity detection of aflatoxin residues

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
A.E. Morshdy ◽  
A.A. Abdel Samie ◽  
A.E. Tharwat ◽  
I.M. Elshorbagy ◽  
M.A. Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Mould Contamination

Mould contamination and aflatoxin residues are considered big problems in the food chain, therefore 140 random samples of frozen chicken breast, thigh, gizzard, heart, liver, chicken burger, and chicken luncheon (twenty of each) were examined for detection of mould contamination level there proteolytic and lipolytic activity and aflatoxin residues in examined products. Mould colonies were detected in 100% and 30% of samples with mean values of 3.42±0.71 and 1.29±0.30 log10CFU/g in the chicken burger and chicken luncheon, respectively. The identified species were Aspergillus 76/140 (54.3%), Penicillium 39/140 (27.9%), Alternaria 35/140 (25%), Cladosporium 30/140 (21.4%), Rhizopus13/140 (9.3%), Acremonium 10/140 (7.1%), Mucor 9/140 (6.4%), Fusarium 7/140 (5%) and Sporotricum 7/140 (5%). Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus terrus were identified with total percentages of 53(37.9%), 25(17.9%), 21(15%), 5(3.5%), 5(3.5%) and 8(5.7%), respectively. The proteolytic and lipolytic activity detected in all species ranged between high, moderate and weak degrees except A. parasiticus shows only lipolytic activity. The examined samples had variable incidence and concentrations of aflatoxin residues as (20%) 1.49±0.53, (15%) 1.89±0.89, (55%) 8.79±14, (25%) 1.64±0.38, (20%) 2.3±0.72, (65%) 9.21±1.12 and (35%) 4.12±0.68 µg/ kg in frozen chicken breast, thigh, gizzard, heart, liver, chicken burger and chicken luncheon, respectively. Thus, strict hygienic measures during the production of chicken products must be adopted to minimize the deviation in their nutritional quality due to the growth of proteolytic and lipolytic mould, in addition, to protecting human health from the hazards of aflatoxin residues.

Effect of Butylated Hydroxyanisole on Conidial Germination of Toxigenic Species of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Butylated Hydroxyanisole ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Inhibition Zones ◽  
Toxigenic Strains ◽  
Fungitoxic Effect

The fungitoxic effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) on germination of conidia from seven toxigenic strains of Aspergillus was examined on potato dextrose agar (PDA). At concentrations of 200 μg/ml and above, BHA prevented germination of conidia in all of the test fungi after 24 and 48 h of incubation. On the other hand, at 100 μg/ml BHA reduced the rate of germination. When an impregnated disk assay was employed, distinct inhibition zones were observed at 200, 400, 800, and 1000 μg/disk of BHA after 24 h of incubation. After 48 h of incubation, distinct inhibition zones were still observed at 800 and 1000 μg/disk.

scholarly journals Production of aflatoxins and aflatoxicols by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by aflatoxin-non-producing Aspergillus flavus.

Eisei kagaku ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
MITSUO NAKAZATO ◽  
SATOSHI MOROZUMI ◽  
KAZUO SAITO ◽  
KENJI FUJINUMA ◽  
TAICHIRO NISHIMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus

Combinational inhibitory action of essential oils and gamma irradiation for controlling Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus growth and their aflatoxins biosynthesis in vitro and in situ conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 108201322110530
Author(s):  
Hanan H Abdel-Khalek ◽  
Ali AI Hammad ◽  
Reham MMA El-Kader ◽  
Khayria A Youssef ◽  
Dalia AM Abdou
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Star Anise ◽  
In Situ Conditions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of certain essential oils (star anise, lemon leaves, marjoram, fennel, and lavender) on the fungal growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and their production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The degree of suppression of the aflatoxigenic strains’ growth and their production of AFB1 is mainly affected by the kind and the concentration of the tested essential oils (EOs). Star anise essential oil had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.5 and 1.0 μL/mL) against A. flavus and A. parasiticus, respectively, so it was the best among the five different oils. The study of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry revealed that star anise EO resulted in a 98% reduction in AFB1 without a breakdown of AFB1 products after treatment thus the complete removal of AFB1 was done without any toxic residues. The combination showed a synergistic effect, the combinational treatment between γ-irradiation at a low dose (2 kGy) and star anise EO at concentrate 0.5 μL/g destroyed A. flavus and A. parasiticus inoculated (individually) in sorghum and peanut, respectively throughout the storage period (8 weeks).

“An Indigenous Sovereignty of the Imagination”: Reenvisioning the Great Australian Novel in Alexis Wright's Carpenteria

Genre ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-219
Author(s):  
Liz Shek-Noble
Keyword(s):  
Third Space ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Women Novelists ◽  
Homi Bhabha ◽  
White Settler ◽  
The One

Alexis Wright's second novel, Carpentaria, received critical acclaim upon its publication by Giramondo in 2006. As the recipient of the Miles Franklin Literary Award in 2007, Carpentaria cemented Wright's position as the country's foremost Indigenous novelist. This article places Carpentaria within contemporary discussions of “big, ambitious novels” by contemporary women novelists by examining the ways the novel simultaneously invites and resists its inclusion into an established canon of “great Australian novels” (GANs). While critics have been quick to celebrate the formal innovations of Carpentaria as what makes it worthy of GAN status, the novel nevertheless opposes the integrationist and homogenizing myths that accompany canonization. Therefore, the article finds that Wright's vision of a future Australia involves moments of antagonism and mutual understanding between white settler and Indigenous communities. This article uses the work of Homi Bhabha to argue that Carpentaria demonstrates the emergence of a third space wherein negotiation between these two cultures produces knowledge that is “new, neither the one nor the other.” In so doing, Wright shows the resilience of Indigenous knowledge even as it is subject to transformation upon contact with contradictory ideological and epistemological frameworks.

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