A bicarbonate-containing medium for the solution culture of submersed plants

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 1584-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Vallisneria Americana ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Initial Ph

A bicarbonate-buffered hard-water medium was evaluated for the solution (nonrooted) culture of submersed aquatic plants. The new medium had an initial pH of 8.2, and after 2 weeks of plant growth in it, pH values remained similar to those in hard-water lakes. Several plants from hard-water lakes grew more rapidly in the new medium than in the commonly used Gerloff medium. When cultures were aerated with air, Myriophyllum spicatum growth was nearly twice as great in the new medium as in Gerloff medium, and growth of Vallisneria americana and Elodea canadensis in the new medium was 4 and 13 times that in Gerloff medium, respectively. When both cultures were aerated with 1% CO2, growth rates of M. spicatum and E. canadensis in the new medium were not distinguishable from those in Gerloff medium, but the growth of V. americana was 40% greater in the new medium. Myriophyllum spicatum was much less susceptible to attack by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in the new medium than in Gerloff medium, similar to the susceptibility shown in nutrient-amended lake water. Key words: aquatic plants, culture techniques, plant pathogens.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES. III. MINERAL COMPOSITION OF FRESHWATER MACROPHYTES AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR MINERAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM LAKE WATER

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. JABBAR MUZTAR ◽  
S. J. SLINGER ◽  
J. H. BURTON
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Vallisneria Americana ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Freshwater Macrophytes ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Mineral composition of aquatic plants from Chemung Lake and Lake Ontario was investigated. The four species harvested at progressive dates in 1974 showed no trend of variation in their individual mineral contents. This was probably because some dates did not correspond with a specific growth stage. All the four species harvested at three dates, except Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana collected in September, were extremely high in ash. Myriophyllum and Vallisneria harvested in September represented immature plants, since these were obtained from sites harvested previously and consequently were much lower in ash. Calcium and phosphorus levels varied with the ash content, with the former being the major cation in all species. Analyses of washed and unwashed samples of several macrophytes harvested in 1975 showed that extremely high ash was the result of surface calcification with CaCO3. Silica, Co, Cu and Se were present at safe levels for feeding to animals. Results indicated that harvesting aquatic plants has the potential to remove large quantities of mineral nutrients from the aquatic environment, and feeding good quality plants to herbivore and poultry could meet their requirements for many of the mineral elements.

Effects of Low Concentrations of Herbicides on Submersed Aquatic Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Raymond Forney ◽  
Donald E. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
Vallisneria Americana ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Eurasian Watermilfoil ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Brackish Water Species ◽  
Water Species

Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the possibility that herbicide runoff from treated fields might be adversely affecting submersed aquatic plants in the Chesapeake Bay. In laboratory studies, I1 and I50 values (the concentrations inhibiting growth 1 and 50%, respectively) were calculated for three herbicides and several aquatic plants. Exposure periods varied from 3 to 6 weeks, with the 3-week exposure being most common. For atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], I1 values were usually a few parts per billion (ppb), whereas I50 values varied from ca. 80 ppb for elodea (Elodea canadensis Michx) to ca. 1040 ppb for Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.). The toxicity of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] was similar to that of atrazine. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was essentially non-toxic. Interactions between salinity and atrazine were studied using the brackish water species, vallisneria (Vallisneria americana Michx.). Increasing salinity did not affect atrazine toxicity. When atrazine was present in both the hydrosoil and water, the concentration in the water determined the toxicity. At concentrations below 1000 ppb, atrazine in the hydrosoil did not adversely affect the plants. Based on the results of these studies, and the known concentrations of herbicides in runoff water, these herbicides do not appear to pose any threat to the species tested.

Treatment of cooling tower blowdown water containing silica, calcium and magnesium by electrocoagulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2345-2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Liao ◽  
Z. Gu ◽  
M. C. Schulz ◽  
J. R. Davis ◽  
J. C. Baygents ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Dissolved Silica ◽  
Ion Removal ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Silica Removal ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Aluminum Electrodes ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

This research investigated the effectiveness of electrocoagulation using iron and aluminium electrodes for treating cooling tower blowdown (CTB) waters containing dissolved silica (Si(OH)4), Ca2 +  and Mg2 + . The removal of each target species was measured as a function of the coagulant dose in simulated CTB waters with initial pH values of 5, 7, and 9. Experiments were also performed to investigate the effect of antiscaling compounds and coagulation aids on hardness ion removal. Both iron and aluminum electrodes were effective at removing dissolved silica. For coagulant doses ≤3 mM, silica removal was a linear function of the coagulant dose, with 0.4 to 0.5 moles of silica removed per mole of iron or aluminium. Iron electrodes were only 30% as effective at removing Ca2 +  and Mg2 +  as compared to silica. There was no measurable removal of hardness ions by aluminium electrodes in the absence of organic additives. Phosphonate based antiscaling compounds were uniformly effective at increasing the removal of Ca2 +  and Mg2 +  by both iron and aluminium electrodes. Cationic and amphoteric polymers used as coagulation aids were also effective at increasing hardness ion removal.

scholarly journals A Novel Alternative Methods for Decalcification of Water Resources Using Green Agro-Ashes

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6777
Author(s):  
Safaa El-Nahas ◽  
Abdulrahem S. Arafat ◽  
Hanan Salah El Din ◽  
Abdulrahman G. Alhamzani ◽  
Mortaga M. Abou-Krisha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable ◽  
Water Contents

The strategic idea in this work was to increase pH values by employing natural alkali sources (i.e., HCO3− and CO32−) from four tested agro-ashes as an alternative to chemicals (i.e., lime or soda ash). The considerable proportion of carbonates and bicarbonates in the investigated ash products had remarkable features, making them viable resources. All ash materials showed a significant ability for Ca ion elimination at high initial Ca ion concentrations. A slight quantity of ash (10 g/L) was sufficient for usage on very hard water contents up to 3000 ppm. Finally, the tested agro-ash was free of cost. Furthermore, unlike other conventional precipitants, such as NaOH, Ca(OH)2, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and CaO, they are cost effective and ecologically sustainable. There is no need to employ any additional chemicals or modify the agro-ash materials throughout the treatment process. The benefits of the manufactured ash were assessed using a SWOT analysis.

scholarly journals Characterization of Melanoidins and Color Development in Dulce de Leche, a Confectionary Dairy Product With High Sucrose Content: Evaluation of pH Effect, an Essential Manufacturing Process Parameter

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Analía Rodríguez ◽  
Patricia Lema ◽  
María Inés Bessio ◽  
Guillermo Moyna ◽  
Cristina Olivaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Ph Effect ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Initial Ph

The effect on color of the initial pH employed in dulce de leche (DL) production was evaluated through physicochemical and spectroscopical characterization of the melanoidins formed in the process. Melanoidins originated at pH values of 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5, and they were released by the enzymatic hydrolysis of the protein backbone and purified by gel filtration. They showed a significant degree of polydispersity, in general, with molecular weights (MWs) below 1,800 Da. DL produced at a higher pH released melanoidins with higher average MW after the enzymatic hydrolysis. They also presented darker colors (dE*ab, C*), more closely resembling those typical of the commercial product. Analysis of the fractions isolated by gel filtration using HPLC-DAD and multinuclear NMR showed an heterogeneous and complex composition. Even though structurally related, the 1H NMR spectra of melanoidins showed a higher degree of aromaticity at higher pH values. In conclusion, the pH employed in DL production affects the amount and structure of the colored products originated by MR reactions, and thus the color of the final product.

Evaluation of solution culture techniques for studying aluminium toxicity in plants

1991 ◽  
pp. 905-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. C. Blamey ◽  
D. C. Edmeades ◽  
C. J. Asher ◽  
D. G. Edwards ◽  
D. M. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Culture Techniques

Influence of Initial pH Values on the Lag Phase ofEscherichia coliandBacillus licheniformisBatch Cultures

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Palmen ◽  
Marco Scheidle ◽  
Robert Huber ◽  
Claudia Kamerke ◽  
Anja Wilming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lag Phase ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Initial Ph

Response of plants to calcium concentration in solution culture

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Loneragan ◽  
K Snowball ◽  
WJ Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Wide Range

Calcium concentrations required in solution for growth of 30 grasses, cereals, legumes, and herbs were defined for a wide range of concentrations which were maintained constant in Bowing culture solutions of pH 5.7. Contrary to published results obtained with standard nutrient culture techniques, some legumes and herbs grew much better at low concentrations of calcium (2.5 and 10µM ) than many Gramineae. The minimal concentration required to produce maximum growth of plants and eliminate calcium deficiency symptoms varied widely (2.5–1000 µM) within each group; it varied over the same range for Gramineae as for legumes and herbs. At 100 µM all plants grew well without symptoms of calcium deficiency. Increasing the concentration to 1000 µM increased growth in only a few species. At concentrations < l µM , severe deficiency symptoms developed on the tops of all species. The growth of legumes and herbs was more quickly and more severely affected than that of Gramineae. The roots of many legumes and herbs also degenerated rapidly. In the same solutions the roots of all Gramineae appeared healthy for some time. However, the advantage of Gramineae in these solutions was transitory, since the high relative growth rate in their early growth stages fell rapidly. It is suggested that distinct processes dominate the plants' behaviour at each range of calcium concentrations. At extremely low concentrations (< l µM ) , to which legumes and herbs are more sensitive than Gramineae, the dominant process may involve ion exchange equilibria between calcium in the environment and in the cell walls or membranes. At higher concentrations (2.5–1000 µM), to which Gramineae are as sensitive as legumes and herbs, processes of absorption of calcium from solution and translocation to plant tops are probably dominant.

Study of an Appropriate Suberinic Acids Binder for Manufacturing of Plywood

2019 ◽  
Vol 800 ◽  
pp. 251-255
Author(s):  
Aigars Paze ◽  
Janis Rizhikovs
Keyword(s):  
Acid Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
Epoxy Groups ◽  
Level 2

In the study, birch outer bark`s suberinic acids (SA), appropriate for binding the plywood, obtained in a water medium and precipitated in two acidification stages under various medium pH levels, were characterized, which could become a sustainable, environmentally friendly alternative to toxic, formaldehyde-containing plywood binders. In the process of obtaining SA, it was found that all SA of the first acidification stage filtrated successfully. With increasing the pH level of precipitation from 2 to 6, the yield of SA decreased from 35.6 to 18.8 wt% from oven dry (o.d.) extracted birch outer bark or 69.5-36.6 wt% from total o.d. raw material SA. Meanwhile, only one sample of SA from the second acidification stage with the initial pH level 6 filtrated successfully, reaching the yield of 4.4 wt% from total o.d. raw material SA. The SA obtained in the first acidification stage at the pH level 2 contained a lower amount of epoxy groups – 1.7 wt% from o.d. SA, but at the same time, the highest acid value – 84.4 mg KOH/g. In turn, increasing the pH level to 6, the amount of epoxy groups increased gradually up to 19.9 wt% from o.d. SA, and the acid value of SA decreased to 67.4 mg KOH/g. The acid value of SA from the second acidification stage was 133.0 mg KOH/g, but epoxy groups in the composition were not observed.

Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterotoxin Production in Homemade Mayonnaise Prepared with Different pH Values

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 872-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESPERANZA GOMEZ-LUCIA ◽  
JOAQUIN GOYACHE ◽  
JOSE L. BLANCO ◽  
JOSE F. F. GARAYZABAL ◽  
JOSE A. ORDEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Enterotoxin Production ◽  
Initial Ph

The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to grow and produce enterotoxins in homemade mayonnaise prepared at different pH values was studied. Ten enterotoxigenic strains, producing one or two enterotoxin types (A, B, C, or D) were inoculated into mayonnaise samples with pH adjusted to values ranging between 4.0 and 5.8, and incubated at 37°C for 7 d. Counts were made on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 and extracts were prepared on day 7 to detect enterotoxin by ELISA. An important difference was seen between those samples prepared with pH below or equal to 4.9 and those over or equal to 5.0; in the range of pH between 4.0 and 4.9 the average of staphylococcal population was 100 CFU/g; at pH 5.0 it was 1.6 × 105, and at pH 5.15 and above it was at least 8 × 106 CFU/g. Enterotoxin was detected only at initial pH over 5.15 and when final pH was not less than 4.7. The highest amount of enterotoxin corresponded to 157.8 ng of SEB/100 g of mayonnaise.

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