Bioconversion of cereal straw into mushroom compost

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1019-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerben Straatsma ◽  
Tineke W. Olijnsma ◽  
Jan P. G. Gerrits ◽  
Leo J. L. D. Van Griensven ◽  
Robert A. Samson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Experimental Phase ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Scytalidium Thermophilum

Agaricus bisporus mushrooms are cultivated on straw compost prepared in the sequence phase I and phase II. Phase I is a process at 70–80 °C for several days up to 2 weeks. Phase II is a controlled process at 45 °C for 6 days. In phase II the thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum becomes abundant. Its density in finished compost is correlated with the yield of mushrooms. It stimulates the growth rate of mushroom mycelium. Scytalidium thermophilum was inoculated in batches of 1 tonne of pasteurized compost for experimental phase II. Mushroom yields on these composts were twice those of controls (pasteurized, not inoculated). This indicated that S. thermophilum is important for the conversion of straw to compost. The essential actions for mushroom crop productivity of high temperatures during phase I and of S. thermophilum during phase II are unclear. Key words: Agaricus bisporus, button mushroom, Scytalidium thermophilum, solid-state fermentation, processing, review.

scholarly journals Population Dynamics of Scytalidium thermophilum in Mushroom Compost and Stimulatory Effects on Growth Rate and Yield of Agaricus bisporus

Microbiology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Straatsma ◽  
J. P. G. Gerrits ◽  
M. P. A. M. Augustijn ◽  
H. J. M. Op Den Camp ◽  
G. D Vogels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Scytalidium Thermophilum

Improving the pre-weaning nutrition of calves by supplementation of the cow and/or the calf while grazing low quality pastures. 2. Calf growth, carcass yield and eating quality

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 715 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Hennessy ◽  
S. G. Morris ◽  
P. G. Allingham
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Calf Growth

Tender, juicy and flavoursome are desirable meat traits in the grading system of Meat Standards Australia. There are 3 critical growth phases affecting these traits in domestic trade cattle: birth to weaning (phase I), weaning to feedlot entry (phase II), and feedlot finishing (phase III). In the study reported in this paper we examined the effects of supplementary feeding of cows and/or calves in phase I on calf growth rate during each of the 3 growth phases and assessed whether differences in early growth were recorded in carcass weights and meat quality at slaughter (16.5 months old). The calves were weaned on to high quality pastures (phase II) and then finished in a feedlot on a grain-based diet (phase III). One-hundred Hereford cows with Angus-sired calves, and 24 Hereford cows, with Hereford-sired calves were allocated to treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial study of calf growth rate during phase I. The treatments consisted of nil or 4.2 kg twice-a-week of cottonseed meal to the cows for 145 days from calving to mid-lactation, and calves either had access to a high protein barley-based supplement in a ‘creep’ from 75, or from 150 days old until weaning. There were 4 replicate groups for each treatment during phase I with 24 paddocks. Weaners were grazed as a single herd during phase II of the study and separated into 10 feedlot pens in phase III. At slaughter, after phase III, M. longissimus et laborum muscle was sampled from half the carcasses and graded by a taste panel according to Meat Standards Australia. Calves, suckled by cottonseed meal-supplemented cows, were heavier at weaning than those calves suckled by non-supplemented cows (201 v. 170 kg; phase I) with a trend for younger calves with access to ‘creep’ feeding (from 75 days old) to be heavier than calves without access to ‘creep’ feed (196 v. 175 kg). During phase II, liveweight change was higher for weaners from non-supplemented cows than for weaners from supplemented cows (679 v. 593 g/day). During phase III this trend was reversed in favour of weaners from cottonseed meal-supplemented cows (1.54 v. 1.46 kg/day). Similarly, carcasses of calves from cottonseed meal-supplemented cows were also heavier than other carcasses from other calves (226 v. 212 kg) with a greater depth of rib fat (7.0 v. 5.8 mm). In contrast to carcass weight, M. longissimus et laborum muscle samples from calves which did not have access to supplement during phase I were assessed as being more tender, more flavoursome and having a higher overall Meat Standards Australia score than M. longissimus et laborum muscle from calves that had access to supplements. The carryover effects of nutrition from the preweaning growth phase of calves highlight the importance of early life nutrition for achieving higher carcass weights and meat quality. However, the findings that M. longissimus et laborum samples from calves with lower growth rates before weaning were more tender and graded higher than samples from calves with higher growth rates was both unexpected and unexplained.

scholarly journals Effects of supplementing organic microminerals and methionine with or without limiting growth during the rearing phase of replacement gilts on lameness, growth, and body composition1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 717-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lluís Fabà ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Evelia Varella ◽  
David Solà-Oriol
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Growth Requirements ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractPrevious research suggested that lameness in growing pigs could be reduced using feeding strategies, such as limiting growth rate and supplementing trace minerals (TM) and (or) methionine (Met). The present study evaluates effects of 1) TM and Met and 2) limiting total lysine (Lys) during the rearing phase (90 d) of gilts (as a means to limit growth rate) on lameness, performance, and sow claw health and productivity (to first parity). Gilts (n = 240; 58.0 ± 11.1 kg body weight [BW]) were blocked, distributed into pens of 10 gilts, and pens were allocated to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were: 1) control or TM plus Met, which provided additional 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg of chelated copper, manganese, and zinc, respectively (0.1%, Aplomotec Plus, Tecnología & Vitaminas, S.L.; Alforja, Spain), and a 1.01 Met:Lys ratio and 2) standard Lys was formulated to meet growth requirements or low Lys to 19% below growth requirements. Feeding was provided through two phases, first between 119 and 163 d of age (phase I) and the second between 163 and 209 d of age (phase II). Diets had 2.43 and 2.31 Mcal net energy/kg for phases I and II, respectively, and were offered ad libitum. Low Lys did not affect feed intake but rather reduced average daily gain (ADG) by 6.35% and the final BW by 3.80% compared with standard Lys (P < 0.001). Low Lys reduced ADG (P < 0.001) and gain:feed (P = 0.012) during phase I but not during phase II. Lameness prevalence was 7.92% during rearing and increased with time (P < 0.001). Final BW (151 kg) and ADG (989 g) were similar (P > 0.05) whether gilts displayed lameness or not. Lameness was low in severity and not affected by dietary factors. However, TM- plus Met-fed gilts were 19.2 kg heavier (P = 0.016) than were control at lameness detection. On the sow farm, there was no evidence for differences in lameness or claw lesions among previous dietary treatments. In conclusion, lameness prevalence during the rearing phase was similar, independent of TM plus Met supplement, low Lys, or the interaction. Insufficient reduction of ADG and low severity in lameness may have limited the potential of dietary treatments. Moreover, a greater deficiency of Lys would be needed to achieve the degree of growth reduction previously reported to lessen lameness through feed restriction.

scholarly journals Rape embryogenesis. III. Embryo development in time

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Tykarska
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Embryo Axis ◽  
Intensity Maximum ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Growth Intensity

It was found that the growth curve of the rape embryo axis is of triple sigmoid type. Embryo growth occurs in 3 phases corresponding to 3 different periods of development. Phase I includes growth of the apical cell up to it's division into two layers of octants. Phase II comprises the increase of the spherical proembryo to the change of its symmetry from radial to bilateral. Phase III includes, growth of the embryo from the heart stage up to the end of embryogenesis. In each phase the relative growth rate increases drastically and then diminishes. The differences in growth intensity during the same phase are several-fold. The growth intensity maximum of the embryo axis occurs in phase II. The phasic growth intensity maxima occur: in phase I during apical cell elongation, :before its division, and in phases II and III in the periods of cell division ;growth in globular and torpedo-shaped -shaped embryos.

scholarly journals Ecology of Thermophilic Fungi in Mushroom Compost, with Emphasis on Scytalidium thermophilum and Growth Stimulation of Agaricus bisporus Mycelium

1994 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 454-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerben Straatsma ◽  
Robert A. Samson ◽  
Tineke W. Olijnsma ◽  
Huub J. M. Op Den Camp ◽  
Jan P. G. Gerrits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Thermophilic Fungi ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Scytalidium Thermophilum ◽  
Stimulation Of

Effect of spent mushroom compost tea on mycelial growth and yield of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 2765-2769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Gea ◽  
Mila Santos ◽  
Fernando Diánez ◽  
Julio C. Tello ◽  
María J. Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Compost Tea ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Spent Mushroom Compost

scholarly journals Development of Lycoriella ingenua and Bradysia impatiens on different phases of agaricus composts

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Sándor Kecskeméti ◽  
József Fail ◽  
András Geösel
Keyword(s):  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
White Button Mushroom ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Bradysia Impatiens ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

Fungus gnats are small, dark colored, mosquito like fragile insects. They can be encountered all around the world, excluding places with extreme climate. Gnats prefer habitats that are damp with high relative humidity and rich in organic debris. Most of the species are not considered to be harmful in agriculture, but some may cause serious damage, especially in forcing of vegetable or ornamental plants. In mushroom production, however, they are considered as the most destructive pests; the damage caused by them alone can result in huge loss for mushroom farmers. In the Hungarian mushroom industry, fungus gnats damage mainly white-button mushroom, oyster mushroom and pioppino productions. Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour, 1839) and Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) are the two most commonly found fungus gnat species from the family Sciaridae on Hungarian mushroom farms. We have conducted an experiment with the two aforementioned species, to find out, whether they can fully develop into adults, feeding purely on Agaricus compost diet. We used unspawned white button mushroom compost (phase 2) and spawned compost which has been colonized by the mycelia of Agaricus bisporus (phase 3). We did not conduct any experiment with the first compost phase, as it undergoes pasteurization, which eliminates any pests in it. We recorded emerging gnats only from phase 2 compost. Neither L. ingenua, nor B. impatiens could complete its development on phase 3 compost diet, furthermore not even pupae were observed in these breeding pots. From pots containing phase 2 compost, a total of 1607 adults emerged. The number of B. impatiens adults was 653, and 954 for L. ingenua. Sex ratios for the two species were different. For B. impatiens, the number of females was 1.36 times greater than that of males, in L. ingenua there were 1.7 times more males than females in total. Swarming took approximately 6 days for B. impatiens and 10 days for L. ingenua. From the experiment we can conclude that phase 3 compost, which is well interwoven with Agaricus bisporus mycelia is not suitable for B. impatiens and L. ingenua to complete their whole life cycle.

scholarly journals The Predation Behaviour of Fictor composticola on Parasitic Nematodes of Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-758
Author(s):  
Nishi Keshari ◽  
◽  
R. S. Kanwar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Aphelenchus Avenae ◽  
Juvenile Stages

In this study, the predation behaviour of male and female predatory nematode, Fictor composticola, was studied on five prey nematode species, Aphelenchus avenae, Aphelenchoides swarupi, Ditylenchus myceliophagus, Bursilla sp. and Panagrolaimus sp., found in the white button mushroom compost. The period of the study is of six months. The data recorded on number of encounters, part of the body of prey attacked, stage of the prey attacked, duration of feeding etc. The strike rate and prey susceptibility were calculated. The average number of encounters on all the five preys done by female F. composticola was 3.0 and that of the male was 6.0. Male F. composticola had more number of encounters on the prey nematode species than the females. Both the sexes preferred juvenile stages over adults as prey. The most attacked part by both females and males predator, was the posterior part of the prey body. In 80% of cases, female predators fed on the first encountered prey while males attacked the first encountered prey in 30% of cases only. The strike rate of female F. composticola was more (78.6%) than the male (48.2%). Mycophagous nematodes were more susceptible to predator’s attack than the microbivorous nematodes. The strike rate of the predator on different prey nematode species was found more on mycophagous nematodes than on microbivorous nematodes and minimum on Panagrolaimus sp. The average feeding duration of female F. composticola was 8 min and 31 sec and in the case of males it was 4 min and 11 sec.

scholarly journals Inoculation of Scytalidium thermophilum in Button Mushroom Compost and Its Effect on Yield

1994 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 3049-3054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerben Straatsma ◽  
Tineke W. Olijnsma ◽  
Jan P. G. Gerrits ◽  
Jos G. M. Amsing ◽  
Huub J. M. Op Den Camp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Scytalidium Thermophilum ◽  
Effect On Yield

scholarly journals Effect of Sesbania sesban on cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, Basidiomycota, and properties of spent mushroom compost outcome

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 652-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husam Mahmod Rashid ◽  
Idham Ali Abed ◽  
Mustafa Nadhim Owaid
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Sesbania Sesban ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
High Increase ◽  
Spent Mushroom Compost

Abstract Because wheat straw has a high cost as a feed for livestock, this work aims to use straw of Egyptian pea (Sesbania sesban) in compost preparation as an alternative for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Six composts were used within this study on two mushroom strains A. bisporus (C9 and F599 strains). The type of compost has a significant (p<0.05) effect on the size of button mushroom fruits. WHS1 compost exhibited the best diameter of pileus at 5.28 cm while WCS1 compost showed the lowest diameter reaching 4.68 cm. A. bisporus C9 had the longest stipe while A. bisporus F599 has the greatest cap diameter.A. bisporus F599 showed a larger ratio of the diameter of pileus to the length of stipe (DP/ LS ratio) (1.14) compared with C9 (1.07). C:N ratios of compost decreased significantly (p<0.05) after cultivation of mushrooms because of the high increase of nitrogen content in spent mushroom compost (SMC). Finally, the straw of S. sesban is suitable as a supplement for the cultivation of A. bisporus.

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