The Predation Behaviour of Fictor composticola on Parasitic Nematodes of Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

In this study, the predation behaviour of male and female predatory nematode, Fictor composticola, was studied on five prey nematode species, Aphelenchus avenae, Aphelenchoides swarupi, Ditylenchus myceliophagus, Bursilla sp. and Panagrolaimus sp., found in the white button mushroom compost. The period of the study is of six months. The data recorded on number of encounters, part of the body of prey attacked, stage of the prey attacked, duration of feeding etc. The strike rate and prey susceptibility were calculated. The average number of encounters on all the five preys done by female F. composticola was 3.0 and that of the male was 6.0. Male F. composticola had more number of encounters on the prey nematode species than the females. Both the sexes preferred juvenile stages over adults as prey. The most attacked part by both females and males predator, was the posterior part of the prey body. In 80% of cases, female predators fed on the first encountered prey while males attacked the first encountered prey in 30% of cases only. The strike rate of female F. composticola was more (78.6%) than the male (48.2%). Mycophagous nematodes were more susceptible to predator’s attack than the microbivorous nematodes. The strike rate of the predator on different prey nematode species was found more on mycophagous nematodes than on microbivorous nematodes and minimum on Panagrolaimus sp. The average feeding duration of female F. composticola was 8 min and 31 sec and in the case of males it was 4 min and 11 sec.

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The Effect of Edaphic Factors on the Similarity of Parasitic Nematodes in the Soil Sampled in Nurseries of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs

Journal of Horticultural Research ◽

10.2478/johr-2014-0002 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 21-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Aneta Chałańska ◽

Gabriel Łabanowski

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Deciduous Tree ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Similar Species ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Thuja Occidentalis ◽

Aphelenchus Avenae ◽

Ornamental Trees ◽

Trees And Shrubs

AbstractThe largest faunistic similarity of nematodes was found in soils sampled in coniferous nurseries where arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis - Cupressaceae), spruces (Picea spp. - Pinaceae) and pines (Pinus spp. - Pi-naceae) were grown. In soil sampled from deciduous tree and shrub nurseries, similar species composition of parasitic nematodes was found in stands of oaks (Quercus spp. - Fagaceae), black locusts (Robiniapseudo-acacia - Fabaceae) and maples (Acer spp. - Sapindaceae). In soils, especially the light and medium, from stands of coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs, Aphelenchus avenae was often isolated. Bitylenchus dubius occurred in both types of nurseries, particularly in light soils. The largest faunistic similarities between nematodes isolated from places of growth of coniferous and deciduous plants were recorded in soils of loamy sand and sandy loam. The most abundant nematode species and the greatest similarity in species of plant parasitic nematodes were observed in soils with neutral pH or slightly acidic. Aphelenchus avenae was found in soil samples collected from both coniferous and deciduous plants, with no relation to soil acidity.

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Biology and predatory attributes of a diplogasterid nematode, Fictor composticola Khan et al., 2008

Helminthologia ◽

10.1515/helmin-2015-0009 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 50-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. K. Bajaj ◽

R. S. Kanwar

Keyword(s):

Body Wall ◽

The Body ◽

Button Mushroom ◽

Intestinal Contents ◽

Aphelenchus Avenae ◽

Stage Juvenile ◽

Oesophageal Bulb ◽

Biocontrol Potential ◽

Egg Shell

Summary Biology of Fictor composticola has been studied on Aphelenchus avenae in vitro. It reproduces by amphimixis, embryonic development is completed in 24 - 27 h and life cycle in 3 - 4 days. Fusion of sperm and egg pronuclei occurs in the uteri. Pulsation of median oesophageal bulb and pressing of lips against egg shell is seen just prior to hatching but teeth seem to play no role in this process. No moulting occurs inside the egg shell and the first stage juvenile hatches out. Female and male undergo mating upon addition of water in the culture plates and continue to swim in copula for a considerable time. A female lays 1.6 - 4.0 eggs in 24 h while feeding upon A. radicicolus. Predation and reproduction is affected by the temperature and 25 - 35 °C is the optimum range for these phenomena. Process of feeding as recorded with a CCTV attached to a compound microscope is described. F. composticola engulfs small preys; sucks the intestinal contents while holding them or cuts the body wall of large-sized preys and then feeds on prolapsed organs. Two sexes differ in their efficiencies of predation, a female on an average kills 53 A. avenae as compared to 11 by a male in 24 h. F. composticola feeds and reproduces on mycophagous nematodes and juveniles of root- knot, cyst and citrus nematodes but does not prey upon adult nematodes having coarsely annulated cuticle. Cannibalism in this species is also observed. F. composticola and Seinura paratenuicaudata prey upon each other. Biocontrol potential of F. composticola for managing nematode problems in button mushroom and agricultural crops has also been discussed.

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Effect of spent mushroom compost tea on mycelial growth and yield of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s11274-012-1081-7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (8) ◽

pp. 2765-2769 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Francisco J. Gea ◽

Mila Santos ◽

Fernando Diánez ◽

Julio C. Tello ◽

María J. Navarro

Keyword(s):

Agaricus Bisporus ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Compost Tea ◽

Mushroom Compost ◽

Button Mushroom ◽

Spent Mushroom Compost

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Development of Lycoriella ingenua and Bradysia impatiens on different phases of agaricus composts

Review on Agriculture and Rural Development ◽

10.14232/rard.2018.1-2.55-60 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1-2) ◽

pp. 55-60

Author(s):

Sándor Kecskeméti ◽

József Fail ◽

András Geösel

Keyword(s):

Agaricus Bisporus ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Mushroom Compost ◽

Button Mushroom ◽

Phase 3 ◽

White Button Mushroom ◽

Fungus Gnats ◽

Bradysia Impatiens ◽

Whole Life Cycle

Fungus gnats are small, dark colored, mosquito like fragile insects. They can be encountered all around the world, excluding places with extreme climate. Gnats prefer habitats that are damp with high relative humidity and rich in organic debris. Most of the species are not considered to be harmful in agriculture, but some may cause serious damage, especially in forcing of vegetable or ornamental plants. In mushroom production, however, they are considered as the most destructive pests; the damage caused by them alone can result in huge loss for mushroom farmers. In the Hungarian mushroom industry, fungus gnats damage mainly white-button mushroom, oyster mushroom and pioppino productions. Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour, 1839) and Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) are the two most commonly found fungus gnat species from the family Sciaridae on Hungarian mushroom farms. We have conducted an experiment with the two aforementioned species, to find out, whether they can fully develop into adults, feeding purely on Agaricus compost diet. We used unspawned white button mushroom compost (phase 2) and spawned compost which has been colonized by the mycelia of Agaricus bisporus (phase 3). We did not conduct any experiment with the first compost phase, as it undergoes pasteurization, which eliminates any pests in it. We recorded emerging gnats only from phase 2 compost. Neither L. ingenua, nor B. impatiens could complete its development on phase 3 compost diet, furthermore not even pupae were observed in these breeding pots. From pots containing phase 2 compost, a total of 1607 adults emerged. The number of B. impatiens adults was 653, and 954 for L. ingenua. Sex ratios for the two species were different. For B. impatiens, the number of females was 1.36 times greater than that of males, in L. ingenua there were 1.7 times more males than females in total. Swarming took approximately 6 days for B. impatiens and 10 days for L. ingenua. From the experiment we can conclude that phase 3 compost, which is well interwoven with Agaricus bisporus mycelia is not suitable for B. impatiens and L. ingenua to complete their whole life cycle.

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Bioconversion of cereal straw into mushroom compost

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b95-352 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (S1) ◽

pp. 1019-1024 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Gerben Straatsma ◽

Tineke W. Olijnsma ◽

Jan P. G. Gerrits ◽

Leo J. L. D. Van Griensven ◽

Robert A. Samson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Phase I ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Agaricus Bisporus ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Mushroom Compost ◽

Experimental Phase ◽

Button Mushroom ◽

Cereal Straw ◽

Scytalidium Thermophilum

Agaricus bisporus mushrooms are cultivated on straw compost prepared in the sequence phase I and phase II. Phase I is a process at 70–80 °C for several days up to 2 weeks. Phase II is a controlled process at 45 °C for 6 days. In phase II the thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum becomes abundant. Its density in finished compost is correlated with the yield of mushrooms. It stimulates the growth rate of mushroom mycelium. Scytalidium thermophilum was inoculated in batches of 1 tonne of pasteurized compost for experimental phase II. Mushroom yields on these composts were twice those of controls (pasteurized, not inoculated). This indicated that S. thermophilum is important for the conversion of straw to compost. The essential actions for mushroom crop productivity of high temperatures during phase I and of S. thermophilum during phase II are unclear. Key words: Agaricus bisporus, button mushroom, Scytalidium thermophilum, solid-state fermentation, processing, review.

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Effect of Sesbania sesban on cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, Basidiomycota, and properties of spent mushroom compost outcome

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2018-0068 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 652-657 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Husam Mahmod Rashid ◽

Idham Ali Abed ◽

Mustafa Nadhim Owaid

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Agaricus Bisporus ◽

Sesbania Sesban ◽

Mushroom Compost ◽

Button Mushroom ◽

High Increase ◽

Spent Mushroom Compost

Abstract Because wheat straw has a high cost as a feed for livestock, this work aims to use straw of Egyptian pea (Sesbania sesban) in compost preparation as an alternative for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Six composts were used within this study on two mushroom strains A. bisporus (C9 and F599 strains). The type of compost has a significant (p<0.05) effect on the size of button mushroom fruits. WHS1 compost exhibited the best diameter of pileus at 5.28 cm while WCS1 compost showed the lowest diameter reaching 4.68 cm. A. bisporus C9 had the longest stipe while A. bisporus F599 has the greatest cap diameter.A. bisporus F599 showed a larger ratio of the diameter of pileus to the length of stipe (DP/ LS ratio) (1.14) compared with C9 (1.07). C:N ratios of compost decreased significantly (p<0.05) after cultivation of mushrooms because of the high increase of nitrogen content in spent mushroom compost (SMC). Finally, the straw of S. sesban is suitable as a supplement for the cultivation of A. bisporus.

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Influence of Asclepias syriaca on soil nematode communities

Folia Oecologica ◽

10.2478/foecol-2021-0009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

Michaela Jakubcsiková ◽

Andrea Čerevková ◽

Marek Renčo

Keyword(s):

Nematode Species ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Soil Nematode ◽

Trophic Groups ◽

Asclepias Syriaca ◽

Nematode Communities ◽

Structure Of Communities ◽

Aphelenchus Avenae ◽

The Impact ◽

Soil Nematode Communities

Abstract The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of the invasive common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) on soil nematode communities. The research was carried out in 2018 and 2019 in an ecosystem of permanent grassland in the basin of the Laborec River in land registries of Drahňov, a Vojany village in southeastern Slovakia. The ecosystem contained a total of 64 species of free-living and parasitic nematodes. The most prevalent trophic groups were bacterial feeders (Acrobeloides nanus), followed by plant parasites (Helicotylenchus digonicus and Pratylenchus pratensis), fungal feeders (Aphelenchus avenae), and omnivores (Eudorylaimus carteri). The number of nematode species, the composition of trophic groups and the structure of communities in areas with invasive plants were similar to those in areas with native vegetation during the two years of observation.

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Populations of parasitic nematodes colonizing Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.3578 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Anita Zapałowska ◽

Andrzej Tomasz Skwiercz

Keyword(s):

Jerusalem Artichoke ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Helianthus Tuberosus ◽

Population Densities ◽

Aphelenchus Avenae ◽

Ditylenchus Dipsaci ◽

Aphelenchoides Fragariae ◽

Foliar Pathogens

The populations of parasitic nematodes colonizing the rhizosphere of Helianthus tuberosus L. grown in Polish plantations were studied in the summer of 2016 and the spring of 2017. A total of 35 nematode species were identified: Paratrichodorus pachydermus, Trichodorus cylindricus, T. viruliferus, Longidorus attenuatus, L. elongatus, L. leptocephalus, Criconema annuliferum, Criconemoides informis, Mesocriconema rusticum, M. solivagum, M. xenoplax, Paratylenchus nanus, P. neoamblycephalus, P. projectus, Bitylenchus dubius, B. maximus, Merlinius brevidens, M. nothus, Scutylenchus quadrifer, S. tartuensis, Helicotylenchus digonicus, H. pseudorobustus, H. vulgaris, Rotylenchus pumilus, R. robustus, Pratylenchus crenatus, P. fallax, P. neglectus, Hirschmanniella gracilis, Aphelenchoides fragariae, Aphelenchus avenae, A. eremitus, Ditylenchus dipsaci, and D. medicaginis. Aphelenchoides fragariae and Ditylenchus dipsaci could be foliar pathogens of H. tuberosus L. This is the first study to demonstrate the presence of A. fragariae on the leaves of the Jerusalem artichoke in Poland. The frequencies of occurrence and population densities of the 35 nematode species were determined.

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