The clonal dynamic in wild and agricultural plant–pathogen populations

The stability or change in clone frequencies during the disease cycle and from year to year is what I term the clonal dynamic. Among pathogenic fungi, the prevalence of efficient asexual reproduction affords the opportunity for invasive, epidemic, clonal colonization and spread. Clonality is probably most extreme in monoculture, although it could be expected to be important in wild plants and in transfers of adaptive pathogenic genotypes between wild and cultivated plants. The clonal dynamic was studied in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in two experiments, one on four Canadian field populations of cultivated canola and the other on two Norwegian populations of a wild perennial plant, Ranunculus ficaria. Additional samples were made from canola and other crops in Canada and Norway. Four major differences between the agricultural and wild populations were observed. First, in agricultural populations, DNA fingerprint (multilocus haplotype) and mycelial compatibility group were coupled; all individual members of a clone shared a unique fingerprint and all were mycelially compatible. In wild populations, DNA fingerprint and mycelial compatibility group were decoupled. Second, in agricultural populations fingerprint diversity was high, with 594 genotypes recovered from 2747 isolates, but frequently sampled clones were recovered from a wide geographical area repeatedly over a 3-year period; in wild populations fingerprint diversity was low, with 7 genotypes from 300 isolates, and highly localized. Third, in agricultural populations, no evidence of outcrossing and segregation was observed; in the wild populations, some sibling ascospores showed different mycelial compatibility reactions, indicating that crossing had occurred. Last, in agricultural populations, clones were randomly dispersed spatially, probably the result of immigration and mixing of inoculum in air; in the apparently isolated wild populations, strong spatial substructuring was indicated by the distribution of fingerprints, apparently the result of highly localized inbreeding. Clonality was therefore clearly detected in the cultivated plant populations but was difficult to distinguish from inbreeding in the wild populations. Key words: multilocus haplotype, clonality, asexual reproduction, population genetics.

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A Large Root Phenome Dataset Wide-Opened the Potential for Underground Breeding in Soybean

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.704239 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ki-Seung Kim ◽

Se-Hun Kim ◽

Jaeyoung Kim ◽

Pooja Tripathi ◽

Jeong-Dong Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphological Traits ◽

Principal Component ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Plant Organ ◽

In The Wild ◽

Root Sampling ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Cultivated Soybean

The root is the most critical plant organ for water and nutrient acquisition. Although the root is vital for water and nutrient uptake, the diverse root characters of soybean still need to be identified owing to the difficulty of root sampling. In this study, we used 150 wild and 50 cultivated soybean varieties to collect root image samples. We analyzed root morphological traits using acquired-image. Except for the main total length (MTL), the root morphological traits for most cultivated and wild plants were significantly different. According to correlation analysis, the wild and cultivated plants showed a significant correlation among total root length (TRL), projected area (PA), forks, total lateral length (TLL), link average diameter, and MTL. In particular, TRL was highly correlated with PA in both cultivated (0.92) and wild (0.82) plants compared with between MTL (0.43 for cultivated and 0.27 for wild) and TLL (0.82 for cultivated and 0.52 for wild). According to principal component analysis results, both plants could be separated; however, there was some overlap of the traits among the wild and cultivated individuals from some regions. Nevertheless, variation among the cultivated plants was higher than that found in the wild plants. Furthermore, three groups, including MTL, TLL, and the remaining traits, could explain all the variances.

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Genetic diversity in wild populations of the restinga ecotype of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in coastal Piauí, Brazil

Plant Systematics and Evolution ◽

10.1007/s00606-019-01611-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 305 (10) ◽

pp. 913-924 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juelina O. dos Santos ◽

Simon J. Mayo ◽

Cleiton B. Bittencourt ◽

Ivanilza M. de Andrade

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Genetic ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Mantel Test ◽

Anacardium Occidentale ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Population Genetic Diversity ◽

Probable Gene

Abstract The cashew, Anacardium occidentale, is a globally important tropical fruit tree, but little is known about its natural infraspecific systematics. Wild Brazilian populations occur in the cerrado biome and coastal restinga vegetation. We investigated whether wild coastal and domesticated populations could be distinguished genetically using inter-simple repeat molecular markers (ISSRs). In total, 94 polymorphic loci from five primers were used to characterise genetic diversity, structure and differentiation in four wild restinga populations and four domesticated ones from eight localities in Piauí state (30 individuals per population). Genetic diversity was greater overall in wild (%P: 57.2%, I: 0.24, He : 0.15) than domesticated populations (%P: 49.5%, I: 0.19, He : 0.12). Significant structure was observed among the eight populations (between-population variance 22%, ΦPT = 0.217, P ≥ 0.001), but only weak distinctions between wild and domesticated groups. Cluster and principal coordinate analyses showed marked genetic disparity in populations. No correlation of genetic and geographical inter-population distance was found (Mantel test, r = 0.02032, P = 0.4436). Bayesian analysis found an eight-group optimal model (ΔK = 50.2, K = 8), which mostly corresponded to sampled populations. Wild populations show strong genetic heterogeneity within a small geographical area despite probable gene flow between them. Within-population genetic diversity of wild plants varied considerably and was lower where extractive activities by local people are most intense (Labino population). The study underlines the importance of wild populations as in situ genetic reserves and the urgent need for further studies to support their conservation.

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Salt Tolerance in the Wild Relatives of the Cultivated Tomato: Responses of Lycopersicon esculentum, L. cheesmanii, L. peruvianum, Solanum pennellii and F1 Hybrids to High Salinity

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9830109 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 109 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

M Tal ◽

MC Shannon

Keyword(s):

Wild Species ◽

Elongation Rate ◽

Wild Relatives ◽

Wild Plants ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Solanum Pennellii ◽

High Accumulation ◽

Relative Decrease ◽

In The Wild

The performance of three wild relatives of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon cheesmanii, L. peruvianum and Solanum pennellii) and two tomato cultivars in control and saline media was compared. The parameters studied were elongation rate of the main stem, succulence, and accumulation of Na+, K+, and Cl- in the roots, stem, leaf, and shoot tip. The same parameters but in the leaf only were also studied comparatively in two of the wild species L. cheesmanii and S. pennellii, the same two cultivars, and F1 hybrids. Under control conditions, the elongation rate of the stem of the two cultivars was higher than that of the wild plants, but under salinity it was relatively lower. Among all species, S. pennellii was the most succulent in all its major parts under both control and saline conditions. The wild species, especially S. pennellii, showed high accumulation of Na+ in the leaf and top and a greater decrease in K+ content under salinity as compared with the cultivated plants. In all three species, Na+ probably substitutes for potassium in, at least, some of its physiological functions. Complete dominance of S. pennellii over the cultivated plants is indicated for the relative decrease of elongation rate and K+ level and for the increase of succulence under salinity. In contrast, L. cheesmanii seems to be completely dominant only for the relative decrease of K+ under salinity.

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Laelia × meavei: A new natural hybrid between L. dawsonii fo. dawsonii and L. rubescens fo. peduncularis (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) from Oaxaca, Mexico

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.446.2.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 446 (2) ◽

pp. 81-94

Author(s):

WILLIAM CETZAL-IX ◽

GERMÁN CARNEVALI ◽

ROLANDO JIMÉNEZ-MACHORRO ◽

EDUARDO A. PÉREZ-GARCÍA

Keyword(s):

New Combination ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

New Taxon ◽

Natural Hybrid ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Sierra Madre ◽

In The Wild ◽

Sierra Madre Del Sur ◽

Single Locality

We describe and illustrate a new nothospecies in the genus Laelia: L. × meavei Cetzal & E.A. Pérez-García. This new taxon is most likely the result of the introgression between Laelia rubescens fo. peduncularis and L. dawsonii fo. dawsonii. The description of L. × meavei is based on cultivated plants coming from a single locality: Sola de Vega, Oaxaca, on Mexico’s Sierra Madre del Sur. One of the putative parents, L. dawsonii fo. dawsonii, is widely cultivated in the region and known in the wild, but current wild populations are small and scattered. In turn, L. rubescens is typically a lowland species, but in this region it is known to grow at higher elevations and these populations are referable to L. rubescens fo. peduncularis. Flowers of Laelia × meavei are similar to those of L. rubescens, but they are larger and longer lasting, whereas the plants look more like a small L. dawsonii fo. dawsonii. Furthermore, to be consistent with the broad circumscription of Laelia followed here, we provide a new combination for the recently described Encarbacenia perezgarciae Archila & Szlachetko. Finally, the following new combination is proposed, L. dawsonii fo. chilapensis (Soto-Arenas) E.A. Pérez-García & Cetzal.

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Phenotypic plasticity of labile traits in the wild

Current Zoology ◽

10.1093/czoolo/59.4.485 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 485-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Jon E. Brommer

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Phenotypic Plasticity ◽

Statistical Approach ◽

Scale Up ◽

Population Level ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Quantitative Genetic ◽

In The Wild ◽

The Individual ◽

Quantitative Genetic Parameters

Abstract Individual-based studies allow quantification of phenotypic plasticity in behavioural, life-history and other labile traits. The study of phenotypic plasticity in the wild can shed new light on the ultimate objectives (1) whether plasticity itself can evolve or is constrained by its genetic architecture, and (2) whether plasticity is associated to other traits, including fitness (selection). I describe the main statistical approach for how repeated records of individuals and a description of the environment (E) allow quantification of variation in plasticity across individuals (IxE) and genotypes (GxE) in wild populations. Based on a literature review of life-history and behavioural studies on plasticity in the wild, I discuss the present state of the two objectives listed above. Few studies have quantified GxE of labile traits in wild populations, and it is likely that power to detect statistically significant GxE is lacking. Apart from the issue of whether it is heritable, plasticity tends to correlate with average trait expression (not fully supported by the few genetic estimates available) and may thus be evolutionary constrained in this way. Individual-specific estimates of plasticity tend to be related to other traits of the individual (including fitness), but these analyses may be anti-conservative because they predominantly concern stats-on-stats. Despite the increased interest in plasticity in wild populations, the putative lack of power to detect GxE in such populations hinders achieving general insights. I discuss possible steps to invigorate the field by moving away from simply testing for presence of GxE to analyses that ‘scale up’ to population level processes and by the development of new behavioural theory to identify quantitative genetic parameters which can be estimated.

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An ecological explanation for hyperallometric scaling of reproduction

10.1101/2021.03.12.435090 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tomos Potter ◽

Anja Felmy

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Reproductive Output ◽

Resource Competition ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Scaling Exponent ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Wet Season ◽

Size Dependent ◽

In The Wild ◽

The Relationship

AbstractIn wild populations, large individuals have disproportionately higher reproductive output than smaller individuals. We suggest an ecological explanation for this observation: asymmetry within populations in rates of resource assimilation, where greater assimilation causes both increased reproduction and body size. We assessed how the relationship between size and reproduction differs between wild and lab-reared Trinidadian guppies. We show that (i) reproduction increased disproportionately with body size in the wild but not in the lab, where effects of resource competition were eliminated; (ii) in the wild, the scaling exponent was greatest during the wet season, when resource competition is strongest; and (iii) detection of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction is inevitable if individual differences in assimilation are ignored. We propose that variation among individuals in assimilation – caused by size-dependent resource competition, niche expansion, and chance – can explain patterns of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction in natural populations.

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Production of bergenin, an active chemical constituent in the callus of Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.

Botanica Orientalis Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.3126/botor.v8i0.5557 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 40-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Umesh Krishna Shrestha ◽

Bijaya Pant

Keyword(s):

Leaf Explants ◽

Chemical Constituent ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Plant Science ◽

Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽

Active Chemical ◽

In The Wild ◽

The Media ◽

Benzyl Amino Purine

In vitro culture of Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. was carried out for the examination of bergenin content. Leaf explants were cultured in MS (Murashige and Skoog) basal media supplemented with or without phytohormones. The hormonal series maintained were in the range of 0-2 mg l-1 for BAP (6-benzyl amino purine) and 0-1.5 mg l-1 for NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid). Bergenin content of in vitro grown tissues of B. ciliata was compared with that of wild plants collected from three different localities of Nepal. The best growth of callus and plantlets occurred in the media containing BAP 1.0 mg l-1 + NAA 1.0 mg l-1 and BAP 1.5 mg l-1 + NAA 1.0 mg l-1. Production of bergenin was high in the media supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 BAP + 1.5 mg l-1 NAA (3.40 μg g-1) and 2.0 mg l-1 BAP + 1.5 mg l-1 NAA (3.05 μg g-1) under experimental condition. The bergenin content in the wild plants collected from Langtang, Jumla and Godawari was found to be 4.28 μg g-1, 4.53 μg g-1 and 3.64 μg g-1 respectively. This study shows that the in vitro cultured callus of B. ciliata is capable of synthesizing bergenin in quantity comparable to that of the wild plant.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5557 Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2011) 8: 40-44

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Atlas of the Baltic languages: plant names of Slavonic origin

Acta Baltico-Slavica ◽

10.11649/abs.2013.034 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. 499-513

Author(s):

Ilga Jansone ◽

Anna Stafecka

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Wide Area ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Achillea Millefolium ◽

Small Scale ◽

Cherry Tree ◽

Centaurea Cyanus ◽

Plant Names ◽

The Baltic

Atlas of the Baltic Languages: Plant Names of Slavonic OriginThe article investigates Slavonic-derived plant names in dialects of the two surviving Baltic languages – Latvian and Lithuanian. Historically, these Slavonisms were originally adopted by small-scale regional dialects, which are now disappearing. In 2009, a pilot study for the Atlas of the Baltic Languages was published. It comprised 12 geo-linguistic maps with Latvian, Lithuanian and English commentaries. 2012 saw the publication, in CD format, of the Atlas’s first volume: Lexis 1: Flora. The material analysed concerns names for: (1) wild plants, e.g., cornflower, nettle, waybread, milfoil, dandelion, plantain; (2) cultivated plants, e.g., onion, potatoe, garlic, cucumber, Swedish turnip, [winter] wheat; (3) trees (juniper, hazel-tree, pear-tree, plum-tree, cherry-tree, etc.) and words related to a tree (top of the tree, cone, etc.).Borrowed plant names can generally be grouped as follows: 1. Common borrowings located in a wide area in Lithuania and used all over Eastern part of Latvia – the region of Latgale. These usually denote fruits and vegetables, e.g. the potatoe (Solanum tuberosum) – Latv. buļve and its variants, buļba and variants, uļbiks / Lith. bulvė and variants, bulbė and variants; or garlic – casnags, casnāgs and variants / Lith. česnākas, šešnākas and variants. 2. Common borrowings located in wide area in Lithuania and used in some subdialects in Latgale, e.g. Lith. vosilka / Lat. Vasilka ‘cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)’; Lith. kriváunykas and variants / Lat. kravavņiks and variants ‘yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.)’. 3. Slavonisms whose origin differs in Latvian and in Lithuanian, e.g. Lat. klevers (< Russ. клевер, Bel. dialectal клéвер, клевiр / Lith. kaniušina < Bel. канюшына, Pol. koniczyna for ‘clover (Trifolium)’.The Atlas of the Baltic Languages, reflecting the language contacts, could be an important source for further investigation not only in Baltistics but also in Slavistics and Indo-European comparative linguistics.Атлас балтийских языков: названия растений славянского происхожденияВ статье рассматриваются названия растений славянского происхождения в диалектах единственнo живых балтийских языков – латышского и литовского. Исторически эти славянизмы были заимствованы региональными территориальными диалектами, которые в настоящее время исчезают. В 2009 г. был опубликован пилотный проект Атласа балтийских языков, включающий 12 геолингвистических карт с комментариями на латышском, литовском и английском языках. В 2012 г. первый том атласа: Атлас балтийских языков. Лексика I: Флора – был опубликован в формате CD. Связанную с растительним миром лексику представляют названия, обозначающие: 1) дикорастущие растения – например, василек, крапиву, подорожник, тысячелистник, одуванчик, 2) культурные растения – например, лук, картофель, репу, (зимнюю) пшеницу, и 3) деревья (можжевельник, орешник, грушу и др.), а также части деревьев (макушку дерева, шишку). В качестве основных групп заимствованных названий растений можно выделить: 1. Общие заимствования, которые встречаются в широком ареале в Литве и во всей восточной части Латвии – в Латгалии. Обычно это названия овощей и фруктов, например, картофеля (Solanum tuberosum) – лат. buļve и вар., buļba и вар., uļbiks / лит. bulve и вар., bulbe и вар., чеснока: лат. casnags, casnāgs и вар./ лит. česnākas, šešnākas и вар. 2. Общие заимствования, которые встречаются в широком ареале в Литве и в некоторых говорах Латгалии, например, лит. vosilka / лат. vasilka ‘вaсилёк (Centaurea cyanus)’, лит. kriváunykas и вар. / лат. kravavņiks и вар. ‘тысячелистник (Achillea millefolium L.)’. 3. Славянизмы несовпадающего проиcхождения в латышском и литовском языках, например, лат. klevers (< рус. kлевер, бел. диал. клéвер, клевiр) / лит. kaniušina < бел. kанюшына, поль. koniczyna ‘клевер (Trifolium)’. Атлас балтийских языков отражает языковые контакты и служит важным источником для дальнейших исследований не только в балтистике, но также в славистикe и индоевропейском сравнительном языкознании.

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Telomere heritability and parental age at conception effects in a wild avian population

10.32942/osf.io/eq2af ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Sparks ◽

Lewis G. Spurgin ◽

Marco van der Velde ◽

Eleanor A. Fairfield ◽

Jan Komdeur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Telomere Length ◽

Paternal Age ◽

Parental Age ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Evolutionary Potential ◽

Confounding Variables ◽

In The Wild ◽

Seychelles Warbler ◽

Heritability Estimates

Individual variation in telomere length is predictive of health and mortality risk across a range of species. However, the relative influence of environmental and genetic variation on individual telomere length in wild populations remains poorly understood. In previous studies, heritability of telomere length has primarily been calculated using parent-offspring regression, but shared environments can confound such estimates. Furthermore, associations with age and parental age at conception effects are typically not accounted for but can also bias heritability estimates. To control for these confounding variables, quantitative genetic ‘animal models’ can be used. However, the few studies on wild populations using this approach have been restricted by power. Here, we investigated the heritability of telomere length and parental age at conception effects in the Seychelles warbler using 2664 telomere length measures from 1318 birds over 20 years and a multi-generational pedigree. We found a weak negative within-paternal age at conception effect (as fathers aged, their offspring had shorter telomeres) and a weak positive between-maternal age at conception effect (females that survived to older ages had offspring with longer telomeres). While parent–offspring regressions did not detect heritability, animal models provided evidence that heritability of telomere length was low in this population. Environmental and technical variation largely influenced telomere length and would have biased heritability estimates if unaccounted for. Estimating the heritability of telomere length is complex, requiring large sample sizes and accounting for confounding effects in order to improve our understanding of the evolutionary potential of telomere length in the wild.

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PERANAN TUMBUHAN LIAR DALAM KONSERVASI SERANGGA PENYERBUK ORDO HYMENOPTERA

Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan ◽

10.29122/jtl.v10i2.1492 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 195

Author(s):

Erniwati Erniwati ◽

Sih Kahono

Keyword(s):

Flowering Time ◽

Food Resources ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Applied Study ◽

Insect Pollinators ◽

Cultivated Plant ◽

Dry Seasons

The role of the wild plants in relation to the conservation of the Indonesian insectpollinators was studied at several areas of Java. Three of direct observationmethods were applied: study of biodiversity and observation on the wild flowersand the insect pollinators as well, and the behaviour of the insects. The flowersof wild plants were relatively smaller and paler in colour, however they were moreattractive to insect pollinators than cultivated plants. Flowering time of the wildplants was mostly during wet seasons, contrary to that of the cultivated plantswhich was mostly during dry seasons. Our observation indicated that these wildplants are the food resources of insect pollinators during wet seasons. Observationdata support the importance of wild plants to supply food to insect pollinatorsduring wet seasons. Management of wild and cultivated plant environments isnecessary to conserve insect pollinators.

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