Effects of nutrient amendment and environment on growth and gas exchange for introduced Penniseturn setaceum in Hawaii

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Williams ◽  
R. Alan Black
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Nutrient Amendment

We examined the effects of a balanced soil nutrient amendment on photosynthesis, growth, and reproduction for the alien grass Penniseturn setaceum across an altitudinal gradient on the island of Hawaii. Nutrient amendment of plants enhanced aboveground growth, height, and numbers of reproductive tillers and inflorescences similarly across the altitudinal gradient. Nutrient amendment increased aboveground biomass 22 to 25% but had little effect on predawn water potential, leaf nitrogen concentration, or photosynthesis. Leaf nitrogen concentrations declined with altitude (22 ± 0.5 mg/g N at the coastal site; 16 ± 0.1 mg/g N at the subalpine site) and partially compensated for decreases in specific leaf area with altitude. Plants at the subalpine site had high dark respiration rates, low CO2 saturated photosynthetic rates, and low photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiencies compared with plants at lower altitudes. Chilling temperatures or high respiratory rates may limit net carbon uptake and growth for plants at higher altitude relative to plants at lower altitude. Seasonal patterns of net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water potential suggest that drought colimited carbon uptake and growth at the low altitude site. Success of Penniseturn in Hawaii may stem, in part, from its ability to respond morphologically to compensate for heterogeneous nutrient and water availability across different habitats. Keywords: altitude, Hawaii, nutrient amendment, photosynthesis, Penniseturn setaceum, resource limitation.

Physiological changes and UV protection in the aquatic liverwort Jungermannia exsertifolia subsp. cordifolia along an altitudinal gradient of UV-B radiation

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Arróniz-Crespo ◽  
Encarnación Núñez-Olivera ◽  
Javier Martínez-Abaigar ◽  
Hans Becker ◽  
Jochen Scher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
Uv Absorbing Compounds ◽  
Non Photochemical Quenching

Here we report the effects of a natural altitudinal gradient of UV-B radiation, from 1140 to 1816 m altitude, on the physiology of the aquatic liverwort Jungermannia exsertifolia Steph. subsp. cordifolia (Dumort.) Váña collected in mountain streams. Photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthesis and dark respiration rates, chlorophyll fluorescence, protein concentration, sclerophylly, and UV-absorbing compounds [both global UV absorbance of methanol-extractable UV-absorbing compounds (MEUVAC) and concentrations of five individual compounds] were measured. Two new caffeic acid derivatives were discovered: 5″-(7″,8″-dihydroxycoumaroyl)-2-caffeoylmalic acid and 5″-(7″,8″-dihydroxy-7-O-β-glucosyl-coumaroyl)-2-caffeoylmalic acid, whereas three additional compounds were already known in other species: p-coumaroylmalic acid, phaselic acid (both compounds in their cis- and trans- forms) and feruloylmalic acid. Most physiological variables changed considerably along the altitudinal gradient, but only six showed significant linear relationships with altitude: MEUVAC levels, the concentrations of the two new secondary compounds, the maximal apparent electron transport rate through PSII (ETRmax) and the maximal non-photochemical quenching (NPQmax) increased with altitude, whereas photoinhibition percentage decreased. A principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to rank the values of the physiological and ecological variables obtained along the altitudinal transect, showing that those variables correlated with altitude were responsible for the ordination of the sampling points. The liverwort was not adversely affected by the changing conditions along the altitudinal gradient and, in particular, by the increasing UV-B irradiance, probably because the characteristics shown by high-altitude populations may confer tolerance to high UV-B levels. The response to UV-B of the two new compounds suggests that they could be used as indicators of the spatial changes in UV-B radiation.

Effect of Nitrogen Content on the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Sunflower Leaves

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Connor ◽  
AJ Hall ◽  
VO Sadras
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Wide Range

Photosynthesis-irradiance response curves and leaf nitrogen contents were measured weekly by destructive sampling over the life cycles of leaves 10, 15, 20 and 25 of sunflower plants (cv. Prosol 35) grown in large pots in the open under optimum conditions of temperature and high irradiance. Individual leaf responses were adequately described by a hyperbola of three parameters, viz. Pmax, the rate of photosynthesis in saturating irradiance; R, the rate of dark respiration adjusted for temperature (30�C); and ε, the apparent quantum efficiency of photosynthesis at low irradiance. Pmax (range 0-40 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and R (0-4 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) were non-linearly related to nitrogen content per unit leaf area (NL) (range 0.3-2.9 g N m-2) across all leaf positions and for all leaf ages. ε (mean value 0.050 mol mol-1, s.e. 0.001) was independent of NL. The equations for net photosynthesis derived from pot studies were shown to explain (r2 =0.80) leaf photosynthesis in a crop of the same cultivar over a wide range of NL and irradiance.

Simulated root freezing in the nursery: effects on the growth and physiology of containerized boreal conifer seedlings after outplanting

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dumais ◽  
Carole Coursolle ◽  
Francine J Bigras ◽  
Hank A Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Seedling Mortality

The effects of induced root freezing injury on 2+0 white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were studied. Hardened seedlings were exposed to freezing during the fall and cold stored until planting. Seedlings were planted in spring on two field sites with different soil moisture levels (wet or dry). Seedling morphology and physiology were measured periodically during the first growing season, and mortality was evaluated at the end of the season. With the exception of June measurements on the wet site, where daytime water potential fell as low as –2.0 MPa, root damage did not seriously affect shoot water potential. Generally, stomatal conductance decreased with increasing root damage. Net photosynthesis on both sites decreased between 22 and 39% with increasing root damage. Root damage did not affect the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration. As well, reductions in the nitrogen concentration of current-year foliage with increasing root damage were observed, suggesting that the observed reductions in net photosynthesis were caused by nonstomatal factors. Root growth was greater on the wet site than on the dry site, particularly between August and October, when mean soil minimum temperatures were lower on the dry site. On both sites, aerial dry mass was only slightly affected by root damage in July and August, but the effect of damage became more pronounced in October on the wet site. Black spruce and white spruce seedling mortality began being affected when approximately 50% of the root systems were damaged, while jack pine mortality was affected starting at 40% damage. Root damage levels of 50% caused 2.0 and 1.5 cm reductions in annual height increment of white spruce and black spruce, respectively, and 40% damage caused a reduction of 1.0 cm in annual height increment of jack pine.

Growth and Physiological Responses of Soybean Under Various Thermoperiods

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Warrington ◽  
M Peet ◽  
DT Patterson ◽  
J Bunce ◽  
RM Haslemore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Specific Leaf Weight ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Glycollate Oxidase

Diurnal changes in net photosynthesis, dark respiration, specific leaf weight, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, starch and soluble sugar concentrations, and the activities of malate dehydro- genase and glycollate oxidase were measured in soybeans grown in 23/23,26/20 and 29/17°C thermo- periods, to determine their relationship to thermoperiodic effects on plant growth. Soybean height and main stem leaf number were significantly higher under the constant daylnight (23/23°C) temperature regime. Leaf, stem and root dry weights, and specific leaf weight were all highest where the day/night temperature differential was greatest (29/17°C). Differences in net photosynthesis, dark respiration, starch and soluble sugar concentration, and malate dehydrogenase activity were small between the thermoperiod treatments. However, glycollate oxidase activity was higher under the constant-temperature conditions. Starch concentration, specific leaf weight, and glycollate oxidase activity all increased throughout the photoperiod and subsequently decreased through the dark period. Net photosynthesis declined throughout the photoperiod and both dark respiration and malate dehydrogenase activity peaked at the beginning of the dark period. Each of these diurnal responses was similar under each thermoperiod. Leaf water potential and stomatal conductance did not differ between thermoperiods.

Effect of frond age on frond elongation, gas exchange, and water relations in the ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2094-2100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Prange ◽  
D. P. Ormrod ◽  
J. T. A. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dark Respiration Rate ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Diffusive Resistance

The effect of frond age in the ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) upon changes in frond elongation, frond water status (osmotic, pressure, and total water potential), and gas exchange (diffusive resistance, net photosynthesis rate, and dark respiration rate) was examined. The maximum elongation rate in the youngest fronds was 2.83 mm h−1 and occurred between 1500 and 2100 hours. Growth of individual fronds was completed in ca. 16–20 days after emergence from the apical bud. As a frond approached final length, both the dark respiration rate and rate of daily elongation decreased. Compared with mature fronds, young fronds (5 to 8 days old) had higher dark respiration rates and lower net photosynthesis rates. They also had higher osmotic potentials and lower pressure potentials and predawn diffusive resistances. In the youngest fronds (3 and 6 days old) the fastest elongation rates occurred at the lowest water potentials. This phenomenon may be an example of "growth-induced water potential." The increase in pressure potential and decrease in osmotic potential as the frond approached full expansion on day 16 indicates an "apparent" osmotic adjustment which was probably due to a decrease in the yielding properties of the cell walls while solutes continued to accumulate in the tissue. At full expansion further accumulation appeared to stop, suggesting that the frond had increased net solute export.

Variations in the relationship between maximum leaf carboxylation rate and leaf nitrogen concentration

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 640-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAN Shuang ◽  
◽  
ZHANG Li ◽  
JING Yuan-Shu ◽  
HE Hong-Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
The Relationship

Photosynthesis and Transpiration in Damaged and Undamaged Spruce Trees

1996 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 200-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aloysius Wild ◽  
Peter Sabel ◽  
Lucia Wild-Peters ◽  
Ursula Schmieden
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Diurnal Course ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Needle Loss ◽  
Light Saturation Curves

Abstract The investigations presented here focus on the CO2/H2O gas exchange in damaged and undamaged spruce trees while using open-air measurements as well as measurements under defined conditions in the laboratory. The studies were performed at two different sites in the Hunsrück and the Westerwald mountains. In the laboratory the CO2/H2O gas exchange was measured on detached branches under controlled conditions in the course of two years. CO2 saturation curves were also generated. In addition CO2 compensation points were deter­ mined employing a closed system. In the natural habitat diurnal course measurements of photosynthesis and transpiration as well as light-saturation curves for photosynthesis were performed. In parallel with the photosynthesis and transpiration measurements, measurements of the water potential were taken at both locations. The photosynthetic capacity and transpiration rate show a typical annual course with pronounced maxima in spring and late summer and minima in summer and winter. The needles of the damaged trees exhibit higher transpiration rates and a distinct reduction in photosyn­ thesis than the needles of the undamaged trees during two seasons. The diurnal course measurements of net photosynthesis and transpiration show a maximum in photosynthesis and transpiration in the afternoon in May and September, but a characteristic midday depression in July. Photosynthesis was markedly lower and transpiration higher in the needles of the damaged trees. The damaged trees show a lower increase in the light and CO2 saturation curves and higher CO2 compensation points as compared to the undamaged trees. The water potential reaches much lower values during the course of the day in needles of the dam­ aged trees. The reduction of the photosynthetic rate on one hand and the increase in transpiration on the other hand result in an extreme lowering of the water use efficiency in photosynthesis. The damage to the thylakoid membranes and to the guard cells obviously results in a pro­ found disturbance of the physiological homeostasis of the needles and could thus lead to premature needle loss.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document