scholarly journals Growth, Condition, and Swimming Performance of Juvenile Pacific Herring with Winter Feeding Rations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fletcher Sewall ◽  
Brenda L Norcross ◽  
Ron A Heintz
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Minimal Growth ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Winter Food ◽  
Young Of The Year ◽  
Winter Feeding

Juvenile fish winter mortality, whether through starvation, predation, or disease, depends in part on feeding history. Assessing mortality risk thus requires metrics that can distinguish well-fed from poorly-fed individuals. To investigate the effects of winter feeding and spring re-feeding after winter fasting on young-of-the-year Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), captive herring were maintained on different feeding rations for 20 weeks under ambient winter and spring conditions and evaluated for differences in size, gut mass, RNA/DNA ratio, body composition, and swimming performance. Lipid and moisture levels were inversely related indicators of feeding history, differing most between full-ration and fasted herring. Fasted herring that were re-fed in spring had evidence of compensatory growth without impacting swimming performance. Minimal growth and reduced gut mass observed even among fully-fed herring suggest limits to winter feeding benefits. Metabolically processing stored fat rather than foraging and incurring greater predation risk may thus be an advantageous strategy regardless of winter food availability. Mortalities due to starvation and possibly disease were highest among small herring across rations, supporting the importance of size-dependent winter mortality.

The effect of winter food level on compensatory growth of weaned, suckled calves grazed at two sward heights

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Wright ◽  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
E. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Level ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Winter Food ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Winter Feeding

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted with weaned, suckled calves to investigate the effect of feeding level during the post-weaning winter on their subsequent performance when continuously grazed on pasture maintained at two sward heights. Low, medium and high levels of winter feeding resulted in winter live-weight gains of 0·31, 0·58 and 0·79 (s.e. 0·027) kg/day (P < 0·001) during the 152-day winter in experiment 1 and 0·44, 0·69 and 0·84 (s.e. 0·029) kg/day (P < 0·001) for 189 days in experiment 2. During summer (93 days in experiment 1 and 87 days in experiment 2) there was a significant effect of winter food level on performance when live-weight gains were 1·10, 1·02, 0·87 and 1·35, 1·23 and 1·19 (s.e. 0·060) kg/day for the low, medium and high winter food levels on the short and tall swards respectively in experiment 1 (P < 0·01) and 0·86, 0·66, 0·51 and 1·26, 1·18 and 0·91 (s.e. 0090) kg/day in experiment 2 (P < 0·001). The cattle showing compensatory growth had higher herbage intakes and it is postulated that this occurred because of a negative association between body fat and herbage intake. Sward height had a large positive effect on herbage intake and live-weight gain and it is concluded that for maximum intake on ryegrass swards, herbage height should be at least 8 cm. Lower levels of winter live-weight gain delayed the time to slaughter, but allowed cattle to achieve heavier carcass weights at a fixed level of fatness.It is concluded that there is no single optimum winter food level for weaned, suckled calves but that the choice will depend upon several factors, including availability of winter and summer food resources, the length of the winter feeding period, the desired date of slaughter and type of carcass to be produced.

Winter mortality of young-of-the-year Hudson River striped bass (Morone saxatilis): size-dependent patterns and effects on recruitment

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1122-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P Hurst ◽  
David O Conover
Keyword(s):  
Striped Bass ◽  
Morone Saxatilis ◽  
Hudson River ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Class Strength ◽  
Young Of The Year

Winter mortality plays a significant role in the dynamics of some temperate fish populations and has been shown to be size-dependent for some species, but not for others. Our objective was to determine how winter mortality affects the recruitment dynamics of Hudson River striped bass (Morone saxatilis). We used catch-per-unit-effort data from three separate surveys targeting young-of-the-year (YOY), overwintering, and age 1 striped bass. Age 1 abundance was negatively correlated with the severity of winter. In contrast, the abundance of age 0 fish was not correlated with age 1 abundance, suggesting that winter mortality greatly modifies year-class strength. A progressive increase in the mean length of YOY fish, coupled with a decrease in the coefficient of variation in length, occurred during some winters. Laboratory experiments showed that growth in length requires temperatures in excess of 10°C; hence, these changes likely result from selective mortality of smaller fish. Direct evidence of size-dependent mortality was obtained from a laboratory experiment that exposed fish to ambient conditions throughout the winter. Accounting for interannual differences in the severity and size dependency of winter mortality may improve our ability to evaluate striped bass year-class strength in the Hudson River.

Acute Toxicity Testing with Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Bennett ◽  
A.P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
White Sturgeon ◽  
Acipenser Transmontanus ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Toxicity Testing

Abstract The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) (eggs, larvae and fry) as a species relevant to the Fraser River, B.C., for the acute and sublethal toxico-logical testing of forest industry effluents. Here we report the first successful acute toxicity tests for 8-day-old larvae and 42-day-old fry exposed to several chemicals known to be released into the Fraser River (i.e., 6 monochlorovanillin [6 MVAN], 4,5 dichloroguaiacol [4,5 DCG], 4,5 dichlorocatechol [4,5 DCAT], pentachlorophenol [PCP], and didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]). In most cases, white sturgeon fry were at the lower end of the range for acute toxicity values for chlorinated phenolic compounds, when compared with other juvenile fish species, and they were extremely sensitive to DDAC. The larval stage was usually more sensitive than the fry stage. Acute toxicity tests with fertilized eggs were unsuccessful. A postexposure growth study was inconclusive because neither control nor toxicant-exposed larvae and fry withstood the additional handling used for measuring body mass. At 62-days-old, fry were more tolerant of handling. This allowed measurement of their swimming performance. Although we have concerns about the reliability of using larvae for acute toxicity testing at this time, 60-day-old white sturgeon fry would appear to be both a sensitive and relevant species for assessing environmental impacts relevant to the Fraser River.

scholarly journals Corrigendum to “Assessment of the effects of microPIT tags on the swimming performance of small-bodied and juvenile fish” [Fish. Res. 218 October (2019) 22–28]

2021 ◽  
pp. 106005
Author(s):  
Jabin R. Watson ◽  
Harriet R. Goodrich ◽  
Rebecca L. Cramp ◽  
Matthew A. Gordos ◽  
Craig E. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Juvenile Fish

Inefficient predators and prey injuries in a population of giant stickleback

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 2036-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Reimchen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Gavia Immer ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Podiceps Grisegena

I describe predator-induced injuries in a lake population of large-bodied Gasterosteus aculeatus from the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Injuries, which included structural damage (fractured dorsal and pelvic spines) and skin lacerations (scars, abrasions, and punctures), were observed on 13.4% of the population. Bill imprints ("aviscars") from avian piscivores, including Podiceps grisegena and Gavia immer, occurred on one-third of the injured fish. Mean aviscar width (4.2 mm) was low in winter and higher in midsummer correlating with seasonal differences in the presence of avian taxa. One-half of the injured fish had fractured spines without any associated skin damage; sources of these injuries could not be verified although they probably resulted from avian piscivores and resident salmonids. Rate of spine regeneration, determined on artifically marked fish, was 1.09 mm over 26 months. Age of injuries, assessed by condition and regrowth of spines, included recent attacks (ca. 1 month or less, 6.3%) and old attacks (1–3 years, 40%). Thirty percent of skin injuries are undetectable after 1 year. Injuries were absent on juvenile fish (< 50 mm) but were common on adults, reaching an incidence of 32% on sub-samples of the largest fish (> 82 mm). These data are consistent with theoretical predictions of increased manipulation inefficiencies among gape-limited predators and can account in part for the evolution of large body size in this population. Mark–recapture studies on 12 272 adult stickleback (> 70 mm) showed that the probability of incurring a predator injury as an adult fish (0.09/year) is largely a consequence of total length of time in the population; this finding amplifies size-dependent trends in injury frequencies.

Effects of acclimation to brackish water on the growth, respiratory metabolism, and swimming performance of young-of-the-year Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii)

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1104-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J McKenzie ◽  
E Cataldi ◽  
P Romano ◽  
S F Owen ◽  
E W Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Young Of The Year ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Specific growth rates, exercise respirometry, and swimming performance were compared in young-of-the-year Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) maintained in freshwater (FW) or acclimated to brackish water (BW) that was slightly hypertonic to sturgeon plasma, at a salinity of 11 g·L–1. Specific growth rate was significantly (17%) lower in BW than in FW. Sturgeon in BW also had a significantly (30%) higher standard metabolic rate than those in FW. In both groups, the relationship between swimming speed and oxygen uptake was described equally well by a linear or exponential equation, with a power relationship between swimming speed and net cost of locomotion and a linear relationship between tailbeat frequency and swimming speed. However, sturgeon in BW exhibited higher mean total oxygen uptake, net costs, and tailbeat frequencies than the FW group at any given swimming speed. There were, however, no differences in aerobic scope or maximum sustainable swimming speed between the FW and BW groups because the BW group exhibited a compensatory increase in active metabolic rate and maximum tailbeat frequency. The results indicate that FW is a more suitable environment than mildly hypertonic BW for young-of-the-year Adriatic sturgeon.

KINEMATICS OF LABRIFORM AND SUBCARANGIFORM SWIMMING IN THE ANTARCTIC FISH NOTOTHENIA NEGLECTA

1989 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN D. ARCHER ◽  
IAN A. JOHNSTON
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Antarctic Fish ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Fibre Type Composition ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Burst Swimming ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Tail Beat

1. The kinematics of labriform and subcarangiform swimming have been investigated for juvenile (7–8 cm) and adult (27–30 cm) stages of the antarctic teleost Notothenia neglecta Nybelin at 1–2 °C 2. Upper threshold speeds using the pectoral fins alone (labriform swimming) were 0.8LS−1 in adult fish and 1.4Ls−1 in juveniles, where L is body length 3. In adult fish, steady subcarangiform swimming is only used at speeds of 3.6-5.4Ls−1 (tail-beat frequencies of 5.0-8.3Hz). Intermediate speeds involve unsteady swimming. In contrast, juvenile fish employ subcarangiform swimming at a range of intermediate velocities between the maximum labriform and burst speeds (2.3-8.4Ls−1 at tail-beat frequencies of 4.0-12.5 Hz). These differences in swimming behaviour are discussed in relation to changes in life-style and muscle fibre type composition between juvenile and adult fish 4. Burst swimming speeds in N. neglecta have been compared with equivalent data from temperate species. It seems likely that low temperature limits swimming performance in antarctic fish. This is more noticeable in juvenile stages, which normally have much higher tail-beat frequencies than adult fish

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