scholarly journals Environmental and genetic influences on fitness-related traits in a hatchery coho salmon population.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Devlin ◽  
K. Janine Supernault ◽  
Salvador A. Gezan ◽  
Michelle T.T. Chan ◽  
Mike Wetklo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Functional Genetic Variation ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Female Reproductive Traits

Many natural and managed organisms will require substantial functional genetic variation to respond to selection in the face of rapid environmental change. Pacific salmon have experienced strong fluctuations in critical fitness traits over the past five decades. We examined genetic and phenotypic variability over three generations in a pedigreed hatchery population of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by monitoring seven fitness-related traits. Three-year-old adult return numbers varied more than five-fold, and jack (2-year old males) numbers varied 13-fold. Body sizes of Inch Creek coho salmon decreased consistently such that fish were only 40.7% as heavy in 2015 as in 2006 and female reproductive traits also decreased. During the study period, the majority of families produced returning adult progeny and effective population size was relatively constant. Heritability estimates for phenotypic traits were significantly greater than zero except for condition factor, and the estimated heritability for jacking was 0.42. The Inch Creek coho salmon population harbours substantial heritability for fitness and reproductive traits and thus likely retains significant capacity for adaptation despite many years of hatchery propagation.

scholarly journals Demographic history shaped geographical patterns of deleterious mutation load in a broadly distributed Pacific Salmon

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Rougemont ◽  
Jean-Sébastien Moore ◽  
Thibault Leroy ◽  
Eric Normandeau ◽  
Eric B. Rondeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Glacial Refugium ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Deleterious Mutations ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Genome Wide Data

AbstractA thorough reconstruction of historical processes is essential for a comprehensive understanding the mechanisms shaping patterns of genetic diversity. Indeed, past and current conditions influencing effective population size have important evolutionary implications for the efficacy of selection, increased accumulation of deleterious mutations, and loss of adaptive potential. Here, we gather extensive genome-wide data that represent the extant diversity of the Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to address two objectives. We demonstrate that a single glacial refugium is the source of most of the present-day genetic diversity, with detectable inputs from a putative secondary micro-refugium. We found statistical support for a scenario whereby ancestral populations located south of the ice sheets expanded in postglacial time, swamping out most of the diversity from other putative micro-refugia. Demographic inferences revealed that genetic diversity was also affected by linked selection in large parts of the genome. Moreover, we demonstrate that the recent demographic history of this species generated regional differences in the load of deleterious mutations among populations, a finding that mirrors recent results from human populations and provides increased support for models of expansion load. We propose that insights from these historical inferences should be better integrated in conservation planning of wild organisms, which currently focuses largely on neutral genetic diversity and local adaptation, with the role of potentially maladaptive variation being generally ignored.

Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity

2003 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Delivery Vector ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Salmon Production ◽  
Salmon Carcass ◽  
Salmon Carcasses

<em>Abstract.</em>—A number of Pacific salmon populations have already been lost and many others throughout the range are in various states of decline. Recent research has documented that Pacific salmon carcasses serve as a key delivery vector of marine-derived nutrients into the freshwater portions of their ecosystems. This nutrient supply plays a critical biological feedback role in salmon sustainability by supporting juvenile salmon production. We first demonstrate how nutrient feedback potential to juvenile production may be unaccounted for in spawner-recruit models of populations under long-term exploitation. We then present a heuristic, life history-based, spreadsheet survival model that incorporates salmon carcass-driven nutrient feedback to the freshwater components of the salmon ecosystem. The productivity of a hypothetical coho salmon population was simulated using rates from the literature for survival from spawner to egg, egg to fry, fry to smolt, and smolt to adult. The effects of climate variation and nutrient feedback on survival were incorporated, as were density-dependent effects of the numbers of spawners and fry on freshwater survival of eggs and juveniles. The unexploited equilibrium population was subjected to 100 years of 20, 40, 60, and 80% harvest. Each harvest scenario greater than 20% brought the population to a reduced steady state, regardless of generous compensatory survival at low population sizes. Increasing harvest reduced the positive effects of nutrient contributions to population growth. Salmon researchers should further explore this modeling approach for establishing escapement goals. Given the importance of nutrient feedback, managers should strive for generous escapements that support nutrient rebuilding, as well as egg deposition, to ensure strong future salmon production.

MUSCLE PROTEINS OF PACIFIC SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS): II. AN INVESTIGATION OF MUSCLE PROTEIN AND OTHER SUBSTANCES SOLUBLE IN SALT SOLUTIONS OF LOW IONIC STRENGTH BY COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 919-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tsuyuki ◽  
E. Roberts ◽  
R. E. A. Gadd
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Moving Boundary ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Ophiodon Elongatus ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

The muscle myogens and other components of the spring salmon (O. tshawytscha), chum salmon (O. keta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka), as well as the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), were separated by the use of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose columns. Significant amounts of slowly dialyzable inosine and inosinic acid which may lead to spurious peaks in moving-boundary electrophoretic separations have been shown to be present in the muscle myogen preparations. The basic differences in the muscle myogen components of the Pacific salmon and the lingcod are compared.

scholarly journals Evidence for Freshwater Residualism in Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, From a Watershed on the North Coast of British Columbia

2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A Parkinson ◽  
Chris J Perrin ◽  
Daniel Ramos-Espinoza ◽  
Eric B Taylor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Seaward Migration ◽  
Mature Fish

The Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, is one of seven species of Pacific salmon and trout native to northeastern Pacific Ocean watersheds. The species is typically anadromous; adults reproduce in fresh water where juveniles reside for 1–2 years before seaward migration after which the majority of growth occurs in the ocean before maturation at 2–4 years old when adults return to fresh water to spawn. Here, we report maturation of Coho Salmon in two freshwater lakes on the north coast of British Columbia apparently without their being to sea. A total of 15 mature fish (11 males and four females) were collected in two lakes across two years. The mature fish were all at least 29 cm in total length and ranged in age from three to five years old. The occurrence of Coho Salmon that have matured in fresh water without first going to sea is exceedingly rare in their natural range, especially for females. Such mature Coho Salmon may represent residual and distinct breeding populations from those in adjacent streams. Alternatively, they may result from the ephemeral restriction in the opportunity to migrate seaward owing to low water levels in the spring when Coho Salmon typically migrate to sea after 1–2 years in fresh water. Regardless of their origin, the ability to mature in fresh water without seaward migration may represent important adaptive life history plasticity in response to variable environments.

scholarly journals Resources and fishery of Pacific salmon in Magadan region in the beginning of the 21st century

Trudy VNIRO ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
M. N. Gorokhov ◽  
V. V. Volobuev ◽  
I. S. Golovanov
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Magadan Region ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Salmon Fishery

There are two main areas of pacific salmon fishing in the Magadan region: Shelikhova Gulf and Tauiskaya Bay. The main fishing species is pink salmon in the region. Its share of total salmon catch by odd-year returns reaches 85 %. Data on the dynamics of escapement to the spawning grounds of pink salmon of the Shelikhova Gulf and Tauiskaya Bay are presented. The displacement of the level of spawning returns of pink salmon into the Shelihova Gulf with the simultaneous reduction of its returns to the Tauiskaya Bay is shown. Data on the dynamics of the fishing indicators of pink salmon for the two main fishing areas are provided. The Tauiskaya Bay as the main pink salmon fishery area loses its importance is shown. Graphical data on the escapement of producers pink salmon to the spawning grounds are presented and the optimal values of spawning escapements are estimated. Chum salmon is the second largest and most fishing species. Information on the dynamics of the number of returns, catch and escapement to the spawning grounds of chum salmon is given. The indicators of escapement to the spawning areas and their compliance with the optimal passes of salmon producers are analyzed. The issues of the dynamics of returns number, catch and the escapement to the spawning grounds of coho salmon producers are considered. The level of the escapement to the spawning areas is shown and the ratio of actual to optimal values of passes is estimated. The role of coho salmon as an object of industrial fishing and amateur fishing is shown. The extent of fishing press on individual groups of salmon populations is discussed. It is concluded that it is necessary to remove the main salmon fishery from the Tauiskaya Bay to the Shelikhova Gulf.

scholarly journals Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1122-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Irvine ◽  
Masa-aki Fukuwaka
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
The North ◽  
Abundance Trends

Abstract Irvine, J. R., and Fukuwaka, M. 2011. Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1122–1130. Understanding reasons for historical patterns in salmon abundance could help anticipate future climate-related changes. Recent salmon abundance in the northern North Pacific Ocean, as indexed by commercial catches, has been among the highest on record, with no indication of decline; the 2009 catch was the highest to date. Although the North Pacific Ocean continues to produce large quantities of Pacific salmon, temporal abundance patterns vary among species and areas. Currently, pink and chum salmon are very abundant overall and Chinook and coho salmon are less abundant than they were previously, whereas sockeye salmon abundance varies among areas. Analyses confirm climate-related shifts in abundance, associated with reported ecosystem regime shifts in approximately 1947, 1977, and 1989. We found little evidence to support a major shift after 1989. From 1990, generally favourable climate-related marine conditions in the western North Pacific Ocean, as well as expanding hatchery operations and improving hatchery technologies, are increasing abundances of chum and pink salmon. In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, climate-related changes are apparently playing a role in increasing chum and pink salmon abundances and declining numbers of coho and Chinook salmon.

A preliminary study of insulin participation in the growth regulation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1756-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Ludwig ◽  
David A. Higgs ◽  
Ulf H. M. Fagerlund ◽  
Jack R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Pancreatic B Cells ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

As part of an ongoing survey to identify hormones capable of stimulating growth in Pacific salmon, groups of underyearling coho salmon were injected with bovine (Ultralente) insulin (0.32, 1.0, 3.2, or 10 IU/kg body weight) into the peritoneal cavity either once or twice weekly for 70 days.All doses of insulin, when injected twice weekly, increased the values for specific growth rates and decreased those for food–gain ratios relative to solvent-injected controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. All doses of insulin caused a marked increase in the granulation of the pancreatic B cells. Plasma glucose concentrations in starved coho injected with 10 IU insulin/kg body weight were significantly lower than in solvent-injected controls 4 h after injection.It is concluded that proper evaluation of the effectiveness of insulin as a growth promoter for salmon requires further studies preferably using insulin preparations specific to teleosts.

scholarly journals Can the creation of new freshwater habitat demographically offset losses of Pacific salmon from chronic anthropogenic mortality?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Gibeau ◽  
Michael J. Bradford ◽  
Wendy J. Palen
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Typical Size ◽  
Side Channels ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Habitat Compensation

AbstractOver 1 billion USD are devoted annually to rehabilitating freshwater habitats to improve survival for the recovery of endangered salmon populations. Mitigation often requires the creation of new habitat (e.g. habitat compensation) to offset population losses from human activities, however compensation schemes are rarely evaluated. Anadromous Pacific salmon are ecologically, culturally, and economically important in the US and Canada, and face numerous threats from climate change, over-harvesting, and degradation of freshwater habitats. Here we used a matrix population model of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to determine the amount of habitat compensation needed to offset mortality (2-20% per year) caused by a range of development activities. We simulated chronic mortality to three different life stages (egg, parr, smolt/adult), individually and in combination, to mimic impacts from development, and evaluated if the number of smolts produced from constructed side-channels demographically offset losses. We show that under ideal conditions, the typical size of a constructed side-channel in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) (3405 m2) is sufficient to compensate for only relatively low levels of chronic mortality to either the parr or smolt/adult stages (2-7% per year), but populations do not recover if mortality is >10% per year. When we assumed lower productivity (e.g.; 25th percentile), or imposed mortality at multiple life stages, we found that constructed channels would need to be larger (0.2-4.5 times) than if we assumed mean productivity or as compared to the typical size built in the PNW, respectively, to maintain population sizes.. We conclude that habitat compensation has the potential to mitigate chronic mortality to early life stages, but that current practices are likely not sufficient when we incorporate more realistic assumptions about productivity of constructed side-channels and cumulative effects of anthropogenic disturbances on multiple life stages.

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