THE EMBRYOLOGY OF THE ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR LINNAEUS)

1944 ◽  
Vol 22d (5) ◽  
pp. 105-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen I. Battle
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Somite Formation ◽  
Embryonic Shield ◽  
Length Data ◽  
Early Developmental

Series of eggs collected at various Canadian Atlantic Coast Hatcheries from 1934 to 1940 were used as the bases for a survey of the embryology of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from fertilization to hatching. Early developmental stages from cleavage to the delineation of the embryonic shield are described. Somite formation commences when the embryonic axis is between 1 and 2 mm. in length, and is complete shortly after closure of the blastopore when 60 somites are evident at an embryonic length of 6 mm. Following this the embryo takes on a progressively more fish-like form until hatching.The temperature of the water during most of the incubation period is relatively constant (0.5 °C. to 1 °C.) and the embryonic length data when plotted over this period fit the requirements for straight-line curves. The variation in the thermal units required to reach the same stage in different series indicates that their validity as criteria for determining comparable stages in embryonic development is doubtful.Periods of greatest mortality in development occur during cleavage and blastoderm formation to the closure of the blastopore and at hatching.

The distribution of dissolved aluminum in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers of Atlantic Canada and its potential effect on aquatic populations

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1174-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian F. Dennis ◽  
Thomas A. Clair
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Advisory Commission

Studies from the 1980s concluded that aluminum (Al) was not a significant contributor to Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) toxicity in Nova Scotia, located on Canada’s Atlantic coast, because of the presence of dissolved organic matter that rendered ionic Al (Ali) biologically inaccessible. Since this earlier work, new interpretations of Ali effects, as well as improved techniques for its measurement, have been developed. However, no new data interpretation has been done to see if the conclusions reached in earlier work for Atlantic Canada were still valid. We sampled 97 salmon rivers from the provinces of New Brunswick (NB), Nova Scotia (NS), and the island of Newfoundland (NF) to determine total and Ali concentrations to see if results exceeded newer toxicity standards established by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission. We found that southwestern NS, the region with the greatest loss of salmon populations, has seven rivers where autumn Ali values exceed values identified as toxic to aquatic life. A further three rivers exceed guidelines in NF. Our work shows that the sources of toxicity for salmon and other aquatic species in acidified environments are more complex than previously thought.

Body shape and fin size in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): effects of temperature during embryogenesis

2021 ◽  
pp. 381-389
Author(s):  
Larry Greenberg ◽  
Bror Jonsson ◽  
Johnny R. Norrgård ◽  
Ann Erlandsson ◽  
Eva Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Temperature during egg incubation and early development influences later life stages of fishes, potentially influencing survival. Throughout its distribution, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758) have experienced population declines, and in view of ongoing global warming, we tested if temperature during the earliest developmental stages modified body shape and fin size when temperatures averaged 2.6 vs. 5.6 °C. This temperature difference simulates increases predicted in climate change scenarios. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that salmon originating from eggs subjected to cold incubation temperatures would have slimmer bodies and larger pectoral and dorsal fins than salmon from eggs that experienced warmer temperatures. After hatching, the juveniles were raised for 1 year under identical temperatures, after which we measured their body shape and fin areas. We found no support for our hypothesis regarding body shape. Indeed, we found the opposite, with cold-incubated salmon having deeper bodies than warm-incubated salmon. For fin size, the pectoral fins of cold-incubated salmon were larger than for warm-incubated salmon as predicted, but there was no difference in dorsal fin size. These results suggest that global warming may lead to altered body shape and fin size, possibly affecting swimming performance, and thus raise questions about the ecological consequences of the changes.

scholarly journals Migration of Postsmolt Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, Off Northeastern Newfoundland, As Inferred by Tag Recoveries in a Seabird Colony

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 568-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Montevecchi ◽  
D. K. Cairns ◽  
V. L. Birt
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
New England ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Seabird Species ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Penobscot River ◽  
Migratory Pattern

Northern gannets, Sula bassanus, and possibly other seabird species nesting on Funk Island off northeastern Newfoundland preyed on postsmolt Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Salmon comprised less than 1% of 2928 regurgitated food samples collected from gannets at the colony. Ten smolt tags were recovered in and near the gannetry during August or September in 1984 through 1986. The tags were from smolts released 3–4 mo earlier in the Penobscot River (Maine) (n = 7) and one each from the Saint John River (New Brunswick) and the Lower Clyde and LaHave rivers (Nova Scotia). These recoveries provide evidence that postsmolt Atlantic salmon from rivers in New England, the Bay of Fundy, and the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia migrate off eastern Newfoundland This migratory pattern contrasts with that of postsmolts from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which tend to move northwards along Newfoundland's west coast and through the Strait of Belle Isle.

Marine Growth of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in the Northwest Atlantic

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1373-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Radway Allen ◽  
Richard L. Saunders ◽  
Paul F. Elson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Commercial Fisheries ◽  
The West ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Length Data ◽  
Preceding Winter

The fishery for Atlantic salmon in the west Greenland area has provided useful data for the study of marine growth of salmon. Length data from seaward migrating smolts, post-smolts, and 1-, 2-, and 3-sea-winter feeders taken at sea and 1-, 2-, and 3-sea-winter spawners taken by commercial fisheries, angling, and research traps, have been used to construct a tentative growth curve. Fish which spawned after 1 sea-winter (grilse) were smaller at the time of spawning than fish of the same smolt-class which had not matured but were still actively feeding at sea. Similarly, 2-sea-winter spawners were smaller than salmon which would not have returned until after a third sea winter. The growth rate of salmon during the summer prior to spawning was lower than that of fish which would have spawned a year or more later and appears to be about the same as that during the preceding winter.

Lethal Concentrations of Copper and Zinc for Young Atlantic Salmon

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Lethal Action ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Straight Line

The toxicity of copper and zinc sulphates to immature Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was tested in soft water.The relation between concentration of metal and survival-time could be fitted by a straight line when logarithms were used. A sharp break in this relation marked the incipient lethal level, where survival became indefinitely long. Incipient lethal levels were 48 μg/l of copper and 600 μg/l of zinc.In solutions containing both copper and zinc, fish died twice as fast as would occur if the 2 metals were simply additive in their lethal action. Resistance-times in zinc solutions were increased at pH 7.9–9.3, and results fitted the hypothesis that dissolved zinc was toxic, but not suspended zinc. Survival in a given concentration of zinc was 4 times as long at 5° as at 15 °C, and the incipient lethal level was at least 1.5 times higher, with fish acclimated to each temperature.

Effect of Nitrite on the Embryonic Development of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1726-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Williams ◽  
F. B. Eddy
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Delayed Hatching

Effects of nitrite on eggs, alevins, and fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were studied and of these developmental stages eggs were the most resistant with a 24-h LC50 value of 3276 mg∙L−1 N∙NO2. Upon hatching tolerance sharply decreased, the 24-h LC50 value for early alevins (2940 mg∙L−1 N∙NO2) decreasing to 121.8 mg∙L−1 N∙NO2. Development in freshwater or dilute saline (10 mmol∙L−1 NaCl) proceeded normally without mortalities. Long-term exposure to nitrite concentrations as low as 14 mg∙L−1 N∙NO2 delayed hatching and retarded embryo growth and development as well as producing cardiovascular effects such as a reduced heart rate. The physiological and environmental implications of nitrite exposure are discussed.

Energy allocation among developmental stages, age groups, and types of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spawners

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 506-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Jonsson ◽  
Bror Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Power Functions ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Mature Parr

Relationships between energy density (kJ·100 g–1) and body length (mm), which varied between life-history stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), were described by power functions. The variation was chiefly caused by differences in lipid concentrations. Energy densities of maturing and rematuring parr were higher than those of similarly aged smolts. Monthly specific growth rate was higher in maturing parr than in salmon at sea. Mature parr males allocated relatively more energy to gonadal development and less to soma development than anadromous males. Spawning expenditure increased from 34 to 53% for 55- to 72-cm-long females. In males, similar losses were from 47 to 49% of their total energy content at river entry. More energy was used in reproduction in a long river than in a short one. Male allocation to gonads relative to soma was highest in the shorter river. Energy allocation pattern varied among developmental stages. Very energy-rich male parr rematured in subsequent years without going to sea; less energy-rich ones smolted and migrated to sea.

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