THE CATALYTIC ACTION OF ALUMINIUM SILICATES: II. THE DEHYDRATION OF BUTANEDIOL-1,3 AND BUTANEDIOL-1,4 OVER ACTIVATED MORDEN BENTONITE

1948 ◽  
Vol 26b (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
R. V. V. Nicholls ◽  
A. N. Bourns
Keyword(s):  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Catalytic Action ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Aluminium Silicates

The dehydration of butanediol-1,3 over activated Morden bentonite was investigated. At 250° to 350 °C., the organic liquid products consisted mainly of n-butyraldehyde, butene-3-ol-1, and the n-butyral of butanediol-1,3. Formaldehyde was dissolved in the liquid products and considerable carbon was deposited on the catalyst. The gaseous products consisted of propene and butadiene-1,3, the maximum butadiene yield being 29%. Butanediol-1,4, over the bentonite catalyst, was converted to tetrahydrofuran in almost theoretical yields at 250° to 300 °C. At higher temperatures, 400° to 500 °C., gaseous decomposition occurred, the main products being propene and formaldehyde. Only traces of butadiene-1,3 were formed from the dry glycol while an 8% diolefin yield resulted using water as diluent.

THE CATALYTIC ACTION OF ALUMINIUM SILICATES: I. THE DEHYDRATION OF BUTANEDIOL-2,3 AND BUTANONE-2 OVER ACTIVATED MORDEN BENTONITE

1947 ◽  
Vol 25b (1) ◽  
pp. 80-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Bourns ◽  
R. V. V. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Catalytic Action ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Aluminium Silicates

The dehydration of butanediol-2,3 over activated Morden bentonite has been investigated. Below 350 °C., liquid products butanone-2, isobutyraldehyde, and the isobutyral of butanediol-2,3 were produced. Butanone-2 was obtained in 86% yield. At higher temperatures, 450° to 700 °C., gaseous decomposition occurred. Only small amounts of butadiene were formed from the dry glycol while a 25% diolefin yield resulted using water vapour as diluent. The decomposition of dry butanone-2 over bentonite gave only traces of butadiene. Yields of diolefin increased using water as diluent, 44.8% being obtained at 700 °C. with a ketone–water molar ratio of 1 to 40. Butanone-2 was considered intermediate in the formation of butadiene from butanediol-2,3.

scholarly journals Renewable Diesel Production from Palm Fatty Acids Distillate (PFAD) via Deoxygenation Reactions

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Brenda Fernanda Honorato de Oliveira ◽  
Luiz Ferreira de França ◽  
Nádia Cristina Fernandes Corrêa ◽  
Nielson Fernando da Paixão Ribeiro ◽  
Mauricio Velasquez
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Zeolite A ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Co Catalyst ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Lower Carbon ◽  
Diesel Production

The reactions to produce liquid biofuels from a palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) under hydrogen absence were carried out using 10 wt% NiO/zeolite (Ni/Zeo), 10 wt% Co3O4/zeolite (Co/Zeo), and 10 wt% (NiO + Co3O4)/zeolite (NiCo/Zeo) as catalysts. The zeolite was synthesized by a thermal and chemical treatment from natural clay, obtaining a zeolite A and sodalite mixture. Catalytic activity was evaluated as a function of reaction temperature (250, 300, and 350 °C) during 0.5 h and using 5 wt% of catalyst. The reaction products were classified as organic liquid products (OLPs), gaseous products, and solid waste. The OLPs fractions were separated by fractional distillation, and the products were identified and quantified using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS). The results showed yields to OLPs above 50% for all catalysts and temperatures. However, the highest yield to OLPs of 67.9% was reached with a NiCoZeo catalyst at 300 °C. In this reaction, a higher yield to hydrocarbons was obtained (84.8%), indicating a cooperative effect between Ni and Co in the catalyst. Hydrocarbons such as heptadecane (C17H36), pentadecane (C15H26), and other alkanes-alkenes with lower carbon chains were the main products. Therefore, deoxygenation of PFAD using a low-cost Ni-Co catalyst was shown to be an economic and viable way to produce diesel-type biofuels.

Study of the Kinetics of Thermal Destruction of Crossed Polyethylene

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
K. Chalov ◽  
Yu. Lugovoy ◽  
Yu. Kosivtsov ◽  
E. Sulman
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Process Temperature ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Kinetics Of

This paper presents a study of the process of thermal degradation of crosslinked polyethylene. The kinetics of polymer decomposition was studied by thermogravimetry. Crosslinked polyethylene showed high heat resistance to temperatures of 400 °C. The temperature range of 430–500 °C was determined for the loss of the bulk of the sample. According to thermogravimetric data, the decomposition process proceeds in a single stage and includes a large number of fracture, cyclization, dehydrogenation, and other reactions. The process of pyrolysis of a crosslinked polymer in a stationary-bed metal reactor was investigated. The influence of the process temperature on the yield of solid, liquid, and gaseous pyrolysis products was investigated. The optimum process temperature was 500 °C. At this temperature, the yield of liquid and gaseous products was 85.0 and 12.5% (mass.), Respectively. Samples of crosslinked polyester decomposed almost completely. The amount of carbon–containing residue was 3.5% by weight of the feedstock. With increasing temperature, the yield of liquid products decreased slightly and the yield of gaseous products increased, but their total yield did not increase. For gaseous products, a qualitative and quantitative composition was determined. The main components of the pyrolysis gas were hydrocarbons C1–C4. The calorific value of pyrolysis gas obtained at a temperature of 500 °C was 17 MJ/m3. Thus, the pyrolysis process can be used to process crosslinked polyethylene wastes to produce liquid hydrocarbons and combustible gases.

scholarly journals Fractionation of Birch Wood by Integrating Alkaline-Acid Treatments and Hydrogenation in Ethanol over a Bifunctional Ruthenium Catalyst

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1362
Author(s):  
Boris N. Kuznetsov ◽  
Sergey V. Baryshnikov ◽  
Angelina V. Miroshnikova ◽  
Aleksandr S. Kazachenko ◽  
Yuriy N. Malyar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Ruthenium Catalyst ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
First Time

For the first time, the fractionation of birch wood into microcrystalline cellulose, xylose and methoxyphenols is suggested based on the integration of alkali-acid pretreatments and hydrogenation in ethanol over a bifunctional Ru/C catalyst. It is established that removal of hemicelluloses during pretreatments of birch wood influences the yields of the liquid, gaseous and solid products of the non-catalytic and catalytic hydrogenation of pretreated samples in ethanol at 225 °C. The bifunctional Ru/carbon catalyst affects in different ways the conversion and yields of products of hydrogenation of the initial and acid- and alkali-pretreated birch wood. The most noticeable influence is characteristic of the hydrogenation of the acid-pretreated wood, where in contrast to the non-catalytic hydrogenation, the wood conversion and the yields of liquid products increase but the yields of the solid and gaseous products decrease. GC-MS, gel permeation chromatography and elemental analysis were used for characterization of the liquid product composition. The molecular mass distribution of the liquid products of hydrogenation of the initial and pretreated wood shifts towards the low-molecular range in the presence of the catalyst. From the GC-MS data, the contents of monomer compounds, predominantly 4-propylsyringol and 4-propanolsyringol, increase in the presence of the ruthenium catalyst. The solid products of catalytic hydrogenation of the pretreated wood contain up to 95 wt% of cellulose with the structure, similar to that of microcrystalline cellulose.

scholarly journals The Effect of Carbonates and Silicates on the Cracking of a Mixture of Fuel Oil and Mechanically Activated Oil Shale

2021 ◽  
pp. 234-241
Author(s):  
Marina V. Mozhayskaya ◽  
Galina S. Pevneva ◽  
Vladimir G. Surkov
Keyword(s):  
Oil Shale ◽  
Fractional Composition ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
Diesel Fractions

The study cracking of a mixture of mechanically activated oil shale (MO OSh) and fuel oil, a mixture of demineralized MO GS and fuel oil has been investigated. The data on the composition of liquid products showed that after the removal of mineral components, oil shale is more easily destroyed due to the release of kerogen. It is shown that in the obtained liquid products of the cracking of the mixture of fuel oil – demineralized MO OSh, the proportion of oils increases to 74.6 % wt. In the composition of gaseous products of cracking, the amount of hydrogen, methane and ethane is noticeably reduced. According to the data on the fractional composition of liquid products, it was found that during the cracking of mixtures of fuel oil and MO HS, after the removal of carbonates and silicates, the proportion of gasoline and diesel fractions inc

scholarly journals Study of pyrolysis of high density polyethylene in the open system and estimation of its capability for co-pyrolysis with lignite

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 923-940
Author(s):  
Ivan Kojic ◽  
Achim Bechtel ◽  
Friedrich Kittinger ◽  
Nikola Stevanovic ◽  
Marko Obradovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open System ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
High Density ◽  
Feed Stream ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Pre Treatment

Pyrolysis of high density polyethylene (HDPE) in the open system was studied. A plastic bag for food packing was used as a source of HDPE. Pyrolysis was performed at temperatures of 400, 450 and 500?C, which were chosen based on thermogravimetric analysis. The HDPE pyrolysis yielded liquid, gaseous and solid products. Temperature rise resulted in the increase of conversion of HDPE into liquid and gaseous products. The main constituents of liquid pyrolysates are 1-n-alkenes, n-alkanes and terminal n-dienes. The composition of liquid products indicates that the performed pyrolysis of HDPE could not serve as a standalone operation for the production of gasoline or diesel, but preferably as a pre-treatment to yield a product to be blended into a refinery or petrochemical feed stream. The advantage of a liquid pyrolysate in comparison to crude oil is the extremely low content of aromatic hydrocarbons and the absence of polar compounds. The gaseous products have desirable composition and consist mainly of methane and ethene. The solid residues do not produce ash by combustion and have high calorific values. Co-pyrolysis of HDPE with mineral-rich lignite indicated positive synergetic effect at 450 and 500?C, which is reflected through the increased experimental yields of liquid and gaseous products in comparison to theoretical ones.

scholarly journals Depolymerization of Pine Ethanol Lignin in the Medium of Supercritical Ethanol in the Presence of Catalysts NiCu/SiO₂ and NiCuMo/SiO₂

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-259
Author(s):  
Angelina V. Miroshnikova ◽  
Sergey V. Baryshnikov ◽  
Yuriy N. Malyar
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass Distribution ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Complete Conversion ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Maximal Yield ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Supercritical Ethanol ◽  
Lignin Depolymerization ◽  
Thermocatalytic Conversion

The regularities of thermocatalytic transformation of pine ethanol lignin in supercritical ethanol in the presence of catalysts NiCu/SiO₂ and NiCuMo/SiO2 in the temperature range 250–400 °C were established. The composition and structure of ethanol lignin, liquid and solid products of its conversion were studied by methods of elemental analysis and gel-permeating chromatography (GPC). The composition of gaseous products – by method of gas chromatography. At the process temperature of 250 °C the catalysts do not have a significant effect on conversion of ethanol lignin. The maximal yield of liquid products (83.5 wt. %) was obtained at temperature 300 °C in the presence of catalyst NiCuMo/SiO₂ containing 8.8 wt. % of molybdenum. At temperature 350 °C NiCu/SiO₂ and NiCuMo/SiO2 catalysts contribute to the almost complete conversion of ethanol lignin into liquid and gaseous products, and the yield of solid products does not exceed 1 wt. %. In liquid products of catalytic conversion there is a decrease in the atomic ratio of O/C and the increase of H/C atomic ratio as compared to initial ethanol lignin due to catalytic intensification of reactions of deoxygenation and hydrogenation of lignin and products of its depolymerization. According to GPC data on the curves of molecular mass distribution (MMD) of liquid products of thermocatalytic conversion of ethanol lignin at 300 °C there are peaks with highs at 160 and 380 Da, probably related to guiacyle monomers and dimmers, respectively. From the comparison of MMD of liquid products obtained by ethanol lignin depolymerization at 300 °C over catalysts NiCu/SiO₂ and NiCuMo/SiO₂ it follows, that the introduction of molybdenum in the catalyst promotes the formation of monomeric guaiacyl products

The effect of a nickel-containing catalyst on the tar carbonization process

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
V. V. Chesnokov ◽  
A. S. Chichkan ◽  
V. N. Parmon
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Fractional Composition ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Electron Microscopy Study ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chains ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Diesel Fractions

Tar carbonization was studied in the absence or presence of the 7% Ni/CNT catalyst. It was shown that tar carbonization at a temperature of 350 °С without the catalyst leads to the formation of gaseous and liquid products and oil coke. Thermolysis products are formed via the separation of lateral hydrocarbon chains from the initial polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Gaseous products consist of С1-С6 hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing gases H2S and COS. Fractional composition of the liquid thermolysis products was studied. It was found that 50 % of the liquid products are represented by gasoline and diesel fractions. The 7% Ni/CNT catalyst was prepared by impregnation. The effect of this catalyst on the tar carbonization in the temperature range of 300–550 °С was studied. The addition of the 7% Ni/CNT catalyst to tar increased its yield and decreased the sulfur content due to partial conversion of sulfur to hydrogen sulfide and COS, which are removed with the gas phase. The electron microscopy study showed that the oil coke obtained upon catalytic tar carbonization is reinforced with carbon nanotubes.

scholarly journals HYDROGENATION OF ABIES WOOD AND ETHANOL-LIGNIN BY MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IN SUPERCRITI-CAL ETHANOL OVER BIFUNCTIONAL RU/C CATALYST

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Sergeyevich Kazachenko ◽  
Sergey Viktorovich Baryshnikov ◽  
Anna Il'inichna Chudina ◽  
Yuriy Nikolayevich Malyar ◽  
Valentin Vladimirovich Sychev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
Ruthenium Catalyst ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Average Molecular Mass ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Oxidized Carbon

The effect of a bifunctional catalyst containing nano-dispersed ruthenium particles on an oxidized carbon support “Sibunit” on the yield and composition of products in the processes of hydrogenation of abies wood and abies ethanol-lignin in a supercritical ethanol medium at 250° C was studied. The presence of Ru/C catalyst resulted in a raise the ethanol-lignin conversion from 85 to 98 wt.%, the yield of liquid product from 75 to 85 wt.%, the yield of gases – by 1.5 times, but the yield of solid products dropped from 14 to 2.8 wt.%. Ruthenium catalyst increased the conversion of abies wood by 12.5 wt.%, but did not affect the yield of liquid products. The yield of the solid residue in the presence of the catalyst was reduced by 12.5 wt.%, and the yield of gases rose by 2.5 times. Simultaneously, the ruthenium catalyst promoted the process of hydrodeoxygenation of liquid products, diminution their average molecular mass from 1174 g/mol to 827 g/mol and the formation of monomeric and dimeric compounds with a molecular mass 193 and 426 g/mol, respectively. The solid residue of catalytic hydrogenation contained 70.1 wt.% of cellulose. Thus, the application of Ru/C catalyst in the process of hydrogenation of abies wood allowed the reductive fractionation of wood biomass into a solid cellulose product, liquid and gaseous products from lignin and hemicelluloses.

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