Renewable Diesel Production from Palm Fatty Acids Distillate (PFAD) via Deoxygenation Reactions

The reactions to produce liquid biofuels from a palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) under hydrogen absence were carried out using 10 wt% NiO/zeolite (Ni/Zeo), 10 wt% Co3O4/zeolite (Co/Zeo), and 10 wt% (NiO + Co3O4)/zeolite (NiCo/Zeo) as catalysts. The zeolite was synthesized by a thermal and chemical treatment from natural clay, obtaining a zeolite A and sodalite mixture. Catalytic activity was evaluated as a function of reaction temperature (250, 300, and 350 °C) during 0.5 h and using 5 wt% of catalyst. The reaction products were classified as organic liquid products (OLPs), gaseous products, and solid waste. The OLPs fractions were separated by fractional distillation, and the products were identified and quantified using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS). The results showed yields to OLPs above 50% for all catalysts and temperatures. However, the highest yield to OLPs of 67.9% was reached with a NiCoZeo catalyst at 300 °C. In this reaction, a higher yield to hydrocarbons was obtained (84.8%), indicating a cooperative effect between Ni and Co in the catalyst. Hydrocarbons such as heptadecane (C17H36), pentadecane (C15H26), and other alkanes-alkenes with lower carbon chains were the main products. Therefore, deoxygenation of PFAD using a low-cost Ni-Co catalyst was shown to be an economic and viable way to produce diesel-type biofuels.

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THE CATALYTIC ACTION OF ALUMINIUM SILICATES: II. THE DEHYDRATION OF BUTANEDIOL-1,3 AND BUTANEDIOL-1,4 OVER ACTIVATED MORDEN BENTONITE

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr48b-010 ◽

1948 ◽

Vol 26b (1) ◽

pp. 81-88

Author(s):

R. V. V. Nicholls ◽

A. N. Bourns

Keyword(s):

Organic Liquid ◽

Catalytic Action ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Liquid Products ◽

Aluminium Silicates

The dehydration of butanediol-1,3 over activated Morden bentonite was investigated. At 250° to 350 °C., the organic liquid products consisted mainly of n-butyraldehyde, butene-3-ol-1, and the n-butyral of butanediol-1,3. Formaldehyde was dissolved in the liquid products and considerable carbon was deposited on the catalyst. The gaseous products consisted of propene and butadiene-1,3, the maximum butadiene yield being 29%. Butanediol-1,4, over the bentonite catalyst, was converted to tetrahydrofuran in almost theoretical yields at 250° to 300 °C. At higher temperatures, 400° to 500 °C., gaseous decomposition occurred, the main products being propene and formaldehyde. Only traces of butadiene-1,3 were formed from the dry glycol while an 8% diolefin yield resulted using water as diluent.

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Study of the Kinetics of Thermal Destruction of Crossed Polyethylene

Bulletin of Science and Practice ◽

10.33619/2414-2948/49/04 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. 37-46

Author(s):

K. Chalov ◽

Yu. Lugovoy ◽

Yu. Kosivtsov ◽

E. Sulman

Keyword(s):

Total Yield ◽

Calorific Value ◽

High Heat ◽

Process Temperature ◽

Optimum Process ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Liquid Products ◽

Kinetics Of

This paper presents a study of the process of thermal degradation of crosslinked polyethylene. The kinetics of polymer decomposition was studied by thermogravimetry. Crosslinked polyethylene showed high heat resistance to temperatures of 400 °C. The temperature range of 430–500 °C was determined for the loss of the bulk of the sample. According to thermogravimetric data, the decomposition process proceeds in a single stage and includes a large number of fracture, cyclization, dehydrogenation, and other reactions. The process of pyrolysis of a crosslinked polymer in a stationary-bed metal reactor was investigated. The influence of the process temperature on the yield of solid, liquid, and gaseous pyrolysis products was investigated. The optimum process temperature was 500 °C. At this temperature, the yield of liquid and gaseous products was 85.0 and 12.5% (mass.), Respectively. Samples of crosslinked polyester decomposed almost completely. The amount of carbon–containing residue was 3.5% by weight of the feedstock. With increasing temperature, the yield of liquid products decreased slightly and the yield of gaseous products increased, but their total yield did not increase. For gaseous products, a qualitative and quantitative composition was determined. The main components of the pyrolysis gas were hydrocarbons C1–C4. The calorific value of pyrolysis gas obtained at a temperature of 500 °C was 17 MJ/m3. Thus, the pyrolysis process can be used to process crosslinked polyethylene wastes to produce liquid hydrocarbons and combustible gases.

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Removal of nutrients from Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste using filamentous algae.

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.224708 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Gonzalo Flores-Morales ◽

Mónica Díaz ◽

Patricia Arancibia-Avila ◽

Michelle Muñoz-Carrasco ◽

Pamela Jara-Zapata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Waste ◽

Low Cost ◽

Organic Liquid ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Filamentous Algae ◽

Tertiary Treatment ◽

Nutrient Reduction ◽

Algae Removal ◽

Algae Growth ◽

Waste Effluents

Abstract A feasibility analysis of tertiary treatment for Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste is presented using filamentous algae belonging to the genus Cladophora sp. as an alternative to chemical tertiary treatment. The main advantages of tertiary treatments that use biological systems are the low cost investment and the minimal dependence on environmental variables. In this work we demonstrate that filamentous algae reduces the nutrient load of nitrate (circa 75%) and phosphate (circa 86%) from the organic waste effluents coming from dairy farms after nine days of culture, with the added advantage being that after the treatment period, algae removal can be achieved by simple procedures. Currently, the organic wastewater is discarded into fields and local streams. However, the algae can acquire value as a by-product since it has various uses as compost, cellulose, and biogas. A disadvantage of this system is that clean water must be used to achieve enough water transparency to allow algae growth. Even so, the nutrient reduction system of the organic effluents proposed is friendly to the ecosystem, compared to tertiary treatments that use chemicals to precipitate and collect nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates.

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Environment-Friendly Design of Lithium Batteries Starting from Biopolymer-Based Electrolyte

NANO ◽

10.1142/s1793292021300061 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2130006

Author(s):

Jiayuan Shi ◽

Bin Shi

Keyword(s):

Lithium Batteries ◽

Lithium Battery ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Low Cost ◽

Organic Liquid ◽

Adhesive Property ◽

Environment Friendly ◽

Battery Materials ◽

Mild Conditions ◽

Film Forming

The nondegradable nature and toxicity of organic liquid electrolytes reveal the design deficiency of lithium batteries in environmental protection. Biopolymers can be extracted from biomass under mild conditions, thus they are usually low cost and renewable. The unique characteristics of biopolymers such as water solubility, film-forming capability and adhesive property are of importance for lithium battery. The studies on the biopolymer materials for lithium batteries have been reviewed in this work. Although a lot of work on the biopolymer-based battery materials has been reported, it is still a challenge in the design of lithium battery with zero pollution and zero waste.

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Kinetics study on non-isothermal thermochemical liquefaction of corncobs in ethanol-water solution: Effect of ethanol concentration

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201819709005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 197 ◽

pp. 09005

Author(s):

Bregas Siswahjono Tatag Sembodo ◽

Hary Sulistyo ◽

Wahyudi Budi Sediawan ◽

Mohammad Fahrurrozi

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Kinetic Models ◽

Ethanol Concentration ◽

Water Solution ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Volatile Products ◽

Calculation Results ◽

Oil Gas

Corncobs are potentially processed into bio-oil through thermochemical liquefaction processes. It is difficult to construct kinetics models based on the compounds involved in the reaction. It would be made four kinetic models based on four reaction products, i.e., solids, bio-oil, gas and volatile products. The purposes of the study were to seek kinetics model of thermochemical liquefaction of corncobs in ethanol-water solution and to study the effect of ethanol concentration. The experiment of liquefaction processes of corncobs in ethanol-water solution using sodium carbonate catalyst was performed in the 150 ml autoclave equipped with a magnetic stirrer in the temperature up to 280°C. Four kinetic models were applied to predict the yield of four reaction product lumps. The calculation results were compared to the experimental data. Compared to the others, model 4 was the most realistic and closely matching to the experimental data. In model 4 the reaction mechanism was assumed that biomass (corncobs) first decomposed into bio-oil, followed by decomposition of bio-oil into volatile products reversibly and, finally, volatile products decomposed into gaseous products. The yield of bio-oil increased from 42.05% to 54.93% by increasing to ethanol concentration of 0% to 40%.

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Fractionation of Birch Wood by Integrating Alkaline-Acid Treatments and Hydrogenation in Ethanol over a Bifunctional Ruthenium Catalyst

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11111362 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1362

Author(s):

Boris N. Kuznetsov ◽

Sergey V. Baryshnikov ◽

Angelina V. Miroshnikova ◽

Aleksandr S. Kazachenko ◽

Yuriy N. Malyar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽

Liquid Product ◽

Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽

Ruthenium Catalyst ◽

Birch Wood ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Liquid Products ◽

First Time

For the first time, the fractionation of birch wood into microcrystalline cellulose, xylose and methoxyphenols is suggested based on the integration of alkali-acid pretreatments and hydrogenation in ethanol over a bifunctional Ru/C catalyst. It is established that removal of hemicelluloses during pretreatments of birch wood influences the yields of the liquid, gaseous and solid products of the non-catalytic and catalytic hydrogenation of pretreated samples in ethanol at 225 °C. The bifunctional Ru/carbon catalyst affects in different ways the conversion and yields of products of hydrogenation of the initial and acid- and alkali-pretreated birch wood. The most noticeable influence is characteristic of the hydrogenation of the acid-pretreated wood, where in contrast to the non-catalytic hydrogenation, the wood conversion and the yields of liquid products increase but the yields of the solid and gaseous products decrease. GC-MS, gel permeation chromatography and elemental analysis were used for characterization of the liquid product composition. The molecular mass distribution of the liquid products of hydrogenation of the initial and pretreated wood shifts towards the low-molecular range in the presence of the catalyst. From the GC-MS data, the contents of monomer compounds, predominantly 4-propylsyringol and 4-propanolsyringol, increase in the presence of the ruthenium catalyst. The solid products of catalytic hydrogenation of the pretreated wood contain up to 95 wt% of cellulose with the structure, similar to that of microcrystalline cellulose.

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The Effect of Carbonates and Silicates on the Cracking of a Mixture of Fuel Oil and Mechanically Activated Oil Shale

Journal of Siberian Federal University Chemistry ◽

10.17516/1998-2836-0232 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 234-241

Author(s):

Marina V. Mozhayskaya ◽

Galina S. Pevneva ◽

Vladimir G. Surkov

Keyword(s):

Oil Shale ◽

Fractional Composition ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Liquid Products ◽

Mineral Components ◽

Diesel Fractions

The study cracking of a mixture of mechanically activated oil shale (MO OSh) and fuel oil, a mixture of demineralized MO GS and fuel oil has been investigated. The data on the composition of liquid products showed that after the removal of mineral components, oil shale is more easily destroyed due to the release of kerogen. It is shown that in the obtained liquid products of the cracking of the mixture of fuel oil – demineralized MO OSh, the proportion of oils increases to 74.6 % wt. In the composition of gaseous products of cracking, the amount of hydrogen, methane and ethane is noticeably reduced. According to the data on the fractional composition of liquid products, it was found that during the cracking of mixtures of fuel oil and MO HS, after the removal of carbonates and silicates, the proportion of gasoline and diesel fractions inc

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Rubber. XVIII. Various Ozonides of Rubber and the Problem of the Existence of the Primary Ozonides of Harries

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3546354 ◽

1938 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 7-31

Author(s):

Rudolf Pummerer ◽

Hermann Richtzenhain

Keyword(s):

Carbon Chain ◽

Mesityl Oxide ◽

Addition Reactions ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Primary Reaction ◽

Carbon Chains ◽

Fundamental Objection ◽

Great Stress ◽

Valuable Service ◽

General Method

Abstract A permanently valuable service was rendered by Harries when he introduced the ozone cleavage of unsaturated compounds as a general method of investigation in organic chemistry. By analogy with other addition reactions of double bonded carbon atoms he derived the formula (a) for the ozonides which are first formed, but to support the existence of which he was able to obtain only scant experimental data. Harries relied above all on two observations, first, that mesityl oxide ozonide reverts to mesityl oxide when heated by itself, and, secondly, that fumaric acid is supposed to combine loosely with ozone and then readily split off again. Both of these suppositions have remained undisputed up to the present time. Harries reported that it was not possible, with any of a wide variety of reducing agents, to reduce the ozonides to the original compounds or to 1,2-glycols, as would be expected from their structure. Staudinger has laid great stress on this fundamental objection, and he considers that most ozonides have an isoözinide formula, as shown by formula (b) above, in which the carbon chain is already ruptured, so that by reduction only the usual types of cleavage products rather than glycols with intact carbon chains can be formed, as has been found experimentally. Staudinger assumed that the primary reaction products of treatment with ozone are molozonides containing the group:

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