Breakup of small rivers in the subarctic

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-ko Woo ◽  
Richard Heron
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Qualitative Prediction ◽  
Meltwater Runoff ◽  
The Many

At the end of the winter, the channels of small, subarctic rivers in the coastal James Bay Lowland are filled with snow, river ice, and icing. The major processes associated with the breakup of these rivers include the melting of the snow cover and the resultant generation of meltwater, the impoundment of meltwater runoff by snow dams, the disintegration and ablation of the river ice cover, the formation and dissipation of ice jams, and an exchange of overland and channelled flow between the rivers and their adjacent wetlands. A generalization of the breakup sequences allows a qualitative prediction of the events for specific segments of the channel. Findings of this study are applicable to the many small, subarctic rivers that fringe the James Bay and Hudson Bay coasts.

BIOLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN HUDSON BAY: 6. THE GENERAL HYDROGRAPHY AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE WATERS OF THE HUDSON BAY REGION

1932 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. HACHEY
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Hydrographic Conditions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Oceanographic Conditions

The waters of Hudson bay differ markedly from the waters of Hudson strait and the waters of the open ocean. Intense stratification in the upper twenty-five metres, decreasing as the waters of the open ocean are approached, gives Hudson bay the character of a large estuary. Below fifty metres the waters are for all purposes dynamically dead, thus resulting in a cold saline body of water which probably undergoes very little change from season to season. The movements of the waters at various levels are dealt with to show that the inflow of waters from Fox channel and the many fresh-water drainage areas control the hydrographic conditions as found. The main water movement is from the James bay area to Hudson strait and thence to the open ocean.

scholarly journals Modification by an Ice Cover of the Tide in James Bay and Hudson Bay

ARCTIC ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Godin
Keyword(s):  
Ice Cover ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
James Bay

Longitudinal floating structures – new concepts in river ice control

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl J. Calkins
Keyword(s):  
Patent Application ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
Army Corps Of Engineers ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Ice Control

Ice control structures placed in the streamwise direction of a river were analyzed to determine the effectiveness in reducing ice jam thicknesses. The theory describing the thickness for “wide” river ice jams was modified to analyze these longitudinal types, providing the computational verification that ice jam thicknesses could be reduced where the mode of ice cover thickening is internal collapse. These longitudinal structures appear to provide a new tool for modifying the river ice regime at freeze-up and possibly at breakup. By decreasing the ice jam thicknesses, which leads to lower stages, the structures have the potential for decreasing ice jam flood levels. The structures' ability to function is independent of the flow velocity and these structures should perform in rivers with velocities greater than the usual limitation of roughly 1 m/s associated with conventional cross-channel ice booms. Other possible applications include controlling ice movement at outlets from lakes, enhancing river ice cover progression, or even restraining the ice cover at breakup. A U.S. patent application has been filed jointly by the author and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Key words: river ice, ice jams, ice control, hydraulic structures, ice booms.

Damage resulting from a sudden river ice breakup

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Melting Snow ◽  
Ice Breakup

On January 4, 1984, the Nicola River and its two main tributaries broke up suddenly due to a sharp increase in discharge from a rain-on-melting-snow event while the ice cover was still thick and strong. The resulting ice run and attendant jamming caused hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage to public and private property, including the destruction of a bridge and several riprapped banks. Four ice jams remained in place for up to a week after the ice drive. All the damage was due either to the severe ice run within the channel or to flow forced out over the floodplain by ice jams. Key words: flood damage, ice run, ice breakup, ice jams, riprap.

Seasonal variations in the properties and structural composition of sea ice and snow cover in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas, Antarctica

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (143) ◽  
pp. 138-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Jeffries ◽  
K. Morris ◽  
W.F. Weeks ◽  
A. P. Worby
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Frazil Ice ◽  
Core Sets

AbstractSixty-three ice cores were collected in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas in August and September 1993 during a cruise of the R.V. Nathaniel B. Palmer. The structure and stable-isotopic composition (18O/16O) of the cores were investigated in order to understand the growth conditions and to identify the key growth processes, particularly the contribution of snow to sea-ice formation. The structure and isotopic composition of a set of 12 cores that was collected for the same purpose in the Bellingshausen Sea in March 1992 are reassessed. Frazil ice and congelation ice contribute 44% and 26%, respectively, to the composition of both the winter and summer ice-core sets, evidence that the relatively calm conditions that favour congelation-ice formation are neither as common nor as prolonged as the more turbulent conditions that favour frazil-ice growth and pancake-ice formation. Both frazil- and congelation-ice layers have an av erage thickness of 0.12 m in winter, evidence that congelation ice and pancake ice thicken primarily by dynamic processes. The thermodynamic development of the ice cover relies heavily on the formation of snow ice at the surface of floes after sea water has flooded the snow cover. Snow-ice layers have a mean thickness of 0.20 and 0.28 m in the winter and summer cores, respectively, and the contribution of snow ice to the winter (24%) and summer (16%) core sets exceeds most quantities that have been reported previously in other Antarctic pack-ice zones. The thickness and quantity of snow ice may be due to a combination of high snow-accumulation rates and snow loads, environmental conditions that favour a warm ice cover in which brine convection between the bottom and top of the ice introduces sea water to the snow/ice interface, and bottom melting losses being compensated by snow-ice formation. Layers of superimposed ice at the top of each of the summer cores make up 4.6% of the ice that was examined and they increase by a factor of 3 the quantity of snow entrained in the ice. The accumulation of superimposed ice is evidence that melting in the snow cover on Antarctic sea-ice floes ran reach an advanced stage and contribute a significant amount of snow to the total ice mass.

Progress in the study and management of river ice jams

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyros Beltaos
Keyword(s):  
River Ice ◽  
Ice Jams

Influence of snow cover on the parameters flexural-gravity waves in ice cover

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Kozin ◽  
V. L. Zemlyak ◽  
V. Yu. Vereshchagin
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Flexural Gravity Waves

Morphological and isozyme variation in Salicornia europaea (s.l.) (Chenopodiaceae) in northeastern North America

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1410-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Wolff ◽  
R. L. Jefferies
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Salicornia Europaea ◽  
Electrophoretic Variation ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Anther Length ◽  
Vegetative Characters

Morphological and electrophoretic variation has been documented within and among populations of Salicornia europaea L. (s.l.) in northeastern North America. Univariate and multivariate analyses (discriminant analyses) of measurements of floral and vegetative characters delimited three morphologically distinct groups of populations: Atlantic coast tetraploids (2n = 36), Hudson Bay diploids, and Atlantic coast and James Bay diploids (2n = 18). The two diploid groups were morphologically distinct from the midwestern diploid, S. rubra Nels., based on anther length, width of the scarious border of the fertile segment, and the overall width of the fertile segment. Electrophoretic evidence supported the delimitation of the three distinct morphological groups of populations of S. europaea with the exception of the population from James Bay, which had electrophoretic patterns identical with those of plants from Hudson Bay but resembled the Atlantic coast diploids morphologically. Most enzyme systems assayed were monomorphic. Only homozygous banding patterns were detected in diploid plants and electrophoretic variation was not observed within populations of S. europaea or S. rubra but was detected between groups of populations. Four multilocus phenotypes were evident; these corresponded to the major groups recognized on the basis of ploidy level and morphology. Reasons that may account for the paucity of isozymic variation are discussed.

Impacts cumulatifs du développement hydro-électrique sur le bilan d'eau douce de la baie d'Hudson

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Anctil ◽  
Richard Couture
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Mass Exchange ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Hydroelectric Development

This paper discusses the consequences on the marine environment, more specifically on the fresh water balance, of the hydroelectric development of several tributaries of Hudson Bay, including James Bay and Foxe Basin. The fresh water balance is determined by identifying, at different scales, the modifications caused by each complex. The main inputs are the freezing and thawing of the ice cover, runoff water, and mass exchange at the air–water interface. Three spatial scales were used to obtain the resolution required to document the cumulative effects of fresh water balance modifications on the water surface layer: the Hudson Bay, the Hudson Strait, and the Labrador Sea. Finally, the addition of the proposed Grande-Baleine hydroelectric complex is examined from the available information and forecasts. Key words: hydroelectric development, impact, marine environment, fresh water balance, ice cover, runoff water, mass exchange.[Journal translation]

Ice jam mitigation

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold S. Belore ◽  
Brian C. Burrell ◽  
Spyros Beltaos
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Ice Breakup

In Canada, flooding due to the rise in water levels upstream of an ice jam, or the temporary exceedance of the flow and ice-carrying capacity of a channel upon release of an ice jam, has resulted in the loss of human life and extensive economic losses. Ice jam mitigation is a component of river ice management which includes all activities carried out to prevent or remove ice jams, or to reduce the damages that may result from an ice jam event. This paper presents a brief overview of measures to mitigate the damaging effects of ice jams and contains a discussion on their application to Canadian rivers. Key words: controlled ice breakup, flood control, ice jams, ice management, river ice.

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