Upper Lethal Temperatures of Some British Columbia Freshwater Fishes

1953 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Catostomus Macrocheilus ◽  
Richardsonius Balteatus ◽  
Ameiurus Melas

During the summers of 1950 and 1951 the upper lethal temperature was measured for 14 species of freshwater fishes, representing five families. The fish were captured from lakes in the southern Okanagan Valley, and the experiments were conducted in the Summerland Trout Hatchery, Summerland, B.C. The upper temperature (°C.) at which 50 per cent of the fish died in 24 hours was estimated as follows, the approximate acclimation temperature being given in brackets: Salmo gairdneri kamloops fingerlings, 24.0(11); Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi fry, 22(11); Catostomus catostomus, 27(11.5), 26.6(14); Mylocheilus caurinus, 27(10), 27.1(14); Rhinichthys falcatus, 28.3(14); Richardsonius balteatus, 25(9–11), 27.6(14); Cottus asper, 24.1(18–19); Catostomus macrocheilus, 29.4(19); Micropterus salmoides, 28.9(20–21); Ptychocheilus oregonensis, 29.3(19–22); Ameiurus melas melas, 35.0(23); Perca flavescens, 26.5(18), 29.2(22–24); Lepomis glbbosus, 28.0(18), 30.2(24); Cyprinus carpio, 31–34(20), 35.7(26).

The Preferred Temperature of Fish and their Midsummer Distribution in Temperate Lakes and Streams

1958 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Thermal Distribution ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Response To Temperature

Laboratory studies of preferred temperature with yellow perch (Perca flavescens) are compared with results from 21 other species. These show that temperature, if acting alone, can determine the distribution of fish in laboratory apparatus. Factors such as light, conditioned responses related to feeding routines, and social behaviour can interfere with the expression of the response to temperature. Subdued lighting conditions were necessary in the experiments with Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus and Coregonus, whereas full daylight was required in experiments with Perca flavescens.The level of thermal acclimation influences the range of temperature preferred. In general the preferred temperature is considerably higher than the acclimation temperature at low thermal acclimations, but this difference decreases up to the final preferendum, where both coincide. The final preferendum and the relation between acclimation and preferred temperature is characteristic for the species. The shape of the resulting curve may have some value in interpreting observations of fish mortalities and distribution in nature. The final preferendum of the yellow perch from the present work was 24.2 °C., from other work using older fish it was 21.0 °C.Summer field observations of yellow perch in Lake Nipissing, Costello Lake and Opeongo Lake in Ontario, showed average thermal distribution of 19.7 °C., 21.0 °C. and 21.2 °C. respectively. This agrees well with 20.8 °C. observed for four Wisconsin lakes. Oxygen depletion reported for Tennessee Valley reservoirs, distribution of primary prey species of lake trout in New York waters, and other factors, have been shown to modify the thermal distribution in nature. Differential sex response to temperature may be important in the perch. Field observations of thermal distributions for other species are also presented.A comparison of the laboratory and field data shows good agreement with fish having colder final preferenda: Salvelinus fontinalis, Salvelinus namaycush, Salvelinus hybrid and Coregonus clupeaformis. Fish with warmer final preferenda, such as Micropterus salmoides, Micropterus dolomieu and Lota lota lacustris, showed higher temperatures in the laboratory than was shown by field observations. Young Perca flavescens showed similar results, but experiments with older perch showed excellent agreement between laboratory results and held observations. The lack of agreement between laboratory results and field observations is attributed to age differences; laboratory experiments being performed with young fish and held observations being made on older fish.

Resistance of Four Freshwater Crustaceans to Lethal High Temperature and Low Oxygen

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Short Survival ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Gammarus Fasciatus ◽  
Gammarus Pseudolimnaeus

The crustaceans studied were the isopod Asellus intermedius Forbes, and the amphipods Hyalella azteca (Saussure), Gammarus fasciatus Say, and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield.Resistance to high temperature decreased with size in A. intermedius and G. fasciatus, but no difference was found for H. azteca. Female Gammarus, were more resistant than males, there was no difference for A. intermedius, and a variable relation in H. azteca. Acclimation temperature could be raised at rates of 2.5 to 5 °C per day, at temperatures above 14 °C. Raising acclimation from 10 to 20 °C increased the lethal temperature (50% mortality in 24 hours) by 1.9 °C in G. fasciatus, 1.3 °C in A. intermedius, 0.5 °C in G. pseudolimnaeus, and apparently not at all in H. azteca. There was no seasonal variation in resistance after A. intermedius was acclimated in the laboratory.Two difficulties encountered were mortality during acclimation and short survival of controls, but careful checking showed that neither greatly affected the reported resistance.Estimates of the ultimate 24-hour lethal temperatures were 34.6 °C for A. intermedius and G. fasciatus, 33.2 °C for H. azteca, and 29.6 °C for G. pseudolimnaeus. The concentrations of low oxygen causing 50% mortality in 24 hours, with acclimation and testing at 20 °C, were.0.03 mg/l for A. intermedius, 0.7 mg/l for H. azteca, 2.2 mg/l for G. pseudolimnaeus, and 4.3 mg/l for G. fasciatus. Lethal temperatures would seldom seem to affect distribution under natural conditions, but resistance to low oxygen fits field observations fairly closely.

SOME LETHAL TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF TWO MINNOWS OF THE GENUS CHROSOMUS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert V. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Shock ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Equal Temperature

The resistance and tolerance of Chrosomus eos and Chrosomus neogaeus to high temperatures were examined. Tests were conducted with C. neogaeus in winter and with C. eos in winter and summer. For both species, death at high temperatures could be separated into three lethal patterns or "effects". The first effect seemed to be associated, at least in part, with thermal shock. Factors generating the other effects were not apparent.Both species showed about the same degree of tolerance and resistance to high temperatures when they were acclimated to 15 °C or higher. At 9 °C, C. eos was less tolerant to high lethal temperatures than was C. neogaeus.When equal temperature acclimations were compared, C. eos was more resistant to high lethal temperatures in summer than in winter.

scholarly journals Coronary flow in a perfused rainbow trout heart

1987 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Coronary Flow ◽  
Coronary Circulation ◽  
Coronary Vessels ◽  
Cardiac Metabolism ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Coronary Vascular Resistance ◽  
Coronary Resistance ◽  
Temperature Dependent

A preparation was developed to perfuse the coronary circulation in working hearts from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). The preparation was used to examine pressure-flow relationships for the coronary circulation as the heart generated physiological and subphysiological work loads. Coronary vascular resistance increased exponentially as coronary flow rate decreased. Coronary resistance was also influenced by cardiac metabolism and acclimation temperature. When heart rate was increased, extravascular compression increased in coronary resistance. Direct vasoconstriction of the coronary vessels, produced by injections of adrenaline into the coronary circulation, was temperature-dependent.

Effect of Acclimation Temperature and Heat Shock on Vulnerability of Fry of Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to Predation

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1503-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Yocom ◽  
Thomas A. Edsall
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Attack Data

Fry of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) acclimated to 10, 15, and 18 C were exposed to temperatures of 24.5, 25, and 28 C for 1 min and then immediately returned to water at their acclimation temperature, in test tanks containing yearling yellow perch (Perca flavescens). The number of attacks on the fry and the number captured and eaten in 30 min were recorded in separate tests of shocked and unshocked (control) whitefish.Significantly more whitefish were captured per attack (data for shocked and unshocked fry combined) at 15 and 18 C than at 10 C; and shocked fry were significantly more vulnerable to capture by the perch than were unshocked controls.

Localization of receptors causing hypoxic bradycardia in trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1260-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Smith ◽  
David R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Gill Arch ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Tongue Depressor ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Biological Advantage

Receptors causing the cardiac response to environmental hypoxia have been located in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Intact, unrestrained trout, acclimated to7or 16 °C. showed a marked increase in ventilation and bradycardia when exposed to hypoxia at their acclimation temperature, In experiments designed to locate the site of receptors causing hypoxic bradycardia, the buccal cavity of a fish was divided into two chambers by a tongue depressor, allowing oxygen tension of water flowing over each set of gills lo be varied independently. Irrigating one set of gills with hypoxic water [Formula: see text] while flowing hyperoxic water [Formula: see text] over the other caused heart rate to fall from 42.2 ± 0.6 (± SEM) to 26.4 ± 0.5 (± SEM) beats/min after 1 min of hypoxic water flow. Dorsal aortic [Formula: see text] was always above that recorded when both sets of gills were flushed with normoxic water [Formula: see text]. Bilateral ligation of the efferent pseudobranch artery and the pseudobranch nerve (cranial nerve IX) had no effect on the cardiac response to irrigation of one set of gills by hypoxic water. Physical removal of, or section of the nerve supply (cranial nerves IX and X) to, the first gill arch eliminated hypoxic bradycardia. The biological advantage of hypoxic bradycardia is discussed and it is suggested that gill arch receptors may function to monitor and maintain oxygen tension of blood leaving the gills.

Effects of Cage Culture on Growth, Abundance, and Survival of Resident Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj V. Kilambi ◽  
James C. Adams ◽  
William A. Wickizer
Keyword(s):  
Stomach Content ◽  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Cage Culture ◽  
Content Analyses ◽  
Culture Growth

Growth, population size, and survival of resident largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were estimated before, during, and after the cage culture of Salmo gairdneri and Ictalurus punctatus. Growth in length, length–weight relationship, and condition factor were similar among the periods; however, abundance and survival of largemouth bass increased through the 3 yr of investigation. Stomach content analyses showed that the bass fed on fishes (mostly Lepomis macrochirus), crayfish, insects, and zooplankton (predominantly entomostracans). Increase in the standing crops of L. macrochirus and entomostracans during the study periods have provided forage to the increased bass population and thus resulted in greater survival of the young and adult bass of the cage culture and postcage culture periods. Key words: largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, cage culture, growth, abundance, survival

Effects of High Temperature on Survival of the Giant Scallop

1958 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1189-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dickie
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
Summer Decline ◽  
Sudden Temperature Change

Upper lethal temperatures of scallops are raised 1 °C. by each increase of 5 °C. in acclimation temperature. Acclimation upwards is fairly rapid (average 1.7 °C. per day over part of the range). Loss of acclimation to high temperature is slow, and appears to take as long as 3 months. There is a winter-to-summer decline in lethal temperature. It appears that naturally occurring water temperatures over 23.5 °C. will be lethal to scallops and directly responsible for mortalities. Temperatures over 21 °C. may also be a direct cause of mortalities but only in special circumstances could mortalities occur as a direct result of temperatures below this. In the "sub-lethal" temperature range, sudden temperature changes upward or downward may so reduce scallop mobility as to make them easier prey to enemies. In this way sudden temperature change could be an indirect cause of increased mortality.

Trypsin from Two Strains of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, is Influenced Differently by Assay and Acclimation Temperature

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1664-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McLeese ◽  
E. Don Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Lower Affinity ◽  
Pyloric Caeca

Specific activity and kinetic constants of trypsin from the pyloric caeca of two strains of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were measured using α-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-ρ-nitroaniline∙HCl No increase in activity was observed with cold acclimation, suggesting that cold acclimation induces no increase in trypsin concentration. The apparent Km for the substrate was independent of assay temperature over the physiological range in both strains, probably to maintain high rates of catalysis at higher temperatures when nutrient requirements are high. Strain A trout produced a trypsin with lower affinity on cold acclimation, but Strain B trout did not. The two strains differed in intestinal morphology as well as in the characteristics of their trypsins.

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