Resistance of Four Freshwater Crustaceans to Lethal High Temperature and Low Oxygen

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Short Survival ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Gammarus Fasciatus ◽  
Gammarus Pseudolimnaeus

The crustaceans studied were the isopod Asellus intermedius Forbes, and the amphipods Hyalella azteca (Saussure), Gammarus fasciatus Say, and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield.Resistance to high temperature decreased with size in A. intermedius and G. fasciatus, but no difference was found for H. azteca. Female Gammarus, were more resistant than males, there was no difference for A. intermedius, and a variable relation in H. azteca. Acclimation temperature could be raised at rates of 2.5 to 5 °C per day, at temperatures above 14 °C. Raising acclimation from 10 to 20 °C increased the lethal temperature (50% mortality in 24 hours) by 1.9 °C in G. fasciatus, 1.3 °C in A. intermedius, 0.5 °C in G. pseudolimnaeus, and apparently not at all in H. azteca. There was no seasonal variation in resistance after A. intermedius was acclimated in the laboratory.Two difficulties encountered were mortality during acclimation and short survival of controls, but careful checking showed that neither greatly affected the reported resistance.Estimates of the ultimate 24-hour lethal temperatures were 34.6 °C for A. intermedius and G. fasciatus, 33.2 °C for H. azteca, and 29.6 °C for G. pseudolimnaeus. The concentrations of low oxygen causing 50% mortality in 24 hours, with acclimation and testing at 20 °C, were.0.03 mg/l for A. intermedius, 0.7 mg/l for H. azteca, 2.2 mg/l for G. pseudolimnaeus, and 4.3 mg/l for G. fasciatus. Lethal temperatures would seldom seem to affect distribution under natural conditions, but resistance to low oxygen fits field observations fairly closely.

Effects of High Temperature on Survival of the Giant Scallop

1958 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1189-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dickie
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
Summer Decline ◽  
Sudden Temperature Change

Upper lethal temperatures of scallops are raised 1 °C. by each increase of 5 °C. in acclimation temperature. Acclimation upwards is fairly rapid (average 1.7 °C. per day over part of the range). Loss of acclimation to high temperature is slow, and appears to take as long as 3 months. There is a winter-to-summer decline in lethal temperature. It appears that naturally occurring water temperatures over 23.5 °C. will be lethal to scallops and directly responsible for mortalities. Temperatures over 21 °C. may also be a direct cause of mortalities but only in special circumstances could mortalities occur as a direct result of temperatures below this. In the "sub-lethal" temperature range, sudden temperature changes upward or downward may so reduce scallop mobility as to make them easier prey to enemies. In this way sudden temperature change could be an indirect cause of increased mortality.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Electrolyte Leakage Technique to Predict St. Augustinegrass Freezing Tolerance

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.P. Maier ◽  
N.S. Lang ◽  
J.D. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Stenotaphrum Secundatum ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Lower Lethal Temperature

Stolons of `Raleigh', `Floratam', and FX-332 St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] were sampled from the field between October and March in two consecutive years to evaluate accuracy of an electrolyte leakage (EL) method for predicting freezing tolerance. Lethal temperatures of stolons estimated using EL were compared to those obtained by regrowth tests in the greenhouse. Mean lethal low temperatures for regrowth and EL methods over 12 sampling dates were `Floratam', –4.5C (regrowth) vs. –4.4C (EL); FX-332, –4.2C (regrowth) vs. –4.9C (EL); and `Raleigh', –6.0C (regrowth) vs. –5.4C (EL). A positive correlation (r = 0.81) was observed between EL-predicted and regrowth lethal temperatures for `Raleigh', which exhibited some acclimation during the first sampling year. The EL technique consistently predicted a lower lethal temperature for `Raleigh' than for `Floratam', which corroborates field observations concerning freezing tolerance of these two cultivars.

Lethal Temperatures of the Developmental Stages of the Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Lethal Temperatures

Of all stages of the sea lamprey, the eggs have the most exacting thermal requirements. The range of constant temperatures necessary for successful hatching is narrow, being 15–25 °C. This range may be extended to 12–26 °C and possibly beyond, if the eggs have developed to the head stage before they encounter temperature extremes.The ability to withstand high temperature characteristic of the post-embryonic stages of the species appears shortly before or after hatching.The role of temperature in the development of eggs under natural conditions is discussed.

Upper Lethal Temperatures of Some British Columbia Freshwater Fishes

1953 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black
Keyword(s):  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Catostomus Macrocheilus ◽  
Richardsonius Balteatus ◽  
Ameiurus Melas

During the summers of 1950 and 1951 the upper lethal temperature was measured for 14 species of freshwater fishes, representing five families. The fish were captured from lakes in the southern Okanagan Valley, and the experiments were conducted in the Summerland Trout Hatchery, Summerland, B.C. The upper temperature (°C.) at which 50 per cent of the fish died in 24 hours was estimated as follows, the approximate acclimation temperature being given in brackets: Salmo gairdneri kamloops fingerlings, 24.0(11); Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi fry, 22(11); Catostomus catostomus, 27(11.5), 26.6(14); Mylocheilus caurinus, 27(10), 27.1(14); Rhinichthys falcatus, 28.3(14); Richardsonius balteatus, 25(9–11), 27.6(14); Cottus asper, 24.1(18–19); Catostomus macrocheilus, 29.4(19); Micropterus salmoides, 28.9(20–21); Ptychocheilus oregonensis, 29.3(19–22); Ameiurus melas melas, 35.0(23); Perca flavescens, 26.5(18), 29.2(22–24); Lepomis glbbosus, 28.0(18), 30.2(24); Cyprinus carpio, 31–34(20), 35.7(26).

BÖHLER H521

Alloy Digest ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract Böhler (or Boehler) H521 is an alloy with superior high-temperature strength, excellent toughness, and with good resistance to oxidizing, nitrogenous, and low oxygen gases. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-1272. Producer or source: Böhler Edelstahl GmbH.

Precipitation Enhancement of "so Called" Defect-Free Czochralski Silicon Material

2005 ◽  
Vol 108-109 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Timo Müller ◽  
G. Kissinger ◽  
P. Krottenthaler ◽  
C. Seuring ◽  
R. Wahlich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Zone Formation ◽  
Czochralski Silicon ◽  
Silicon Material ◽  
Free Material ◽  
Precipitation Enhancement

Thermal treatments to enhance precipitation like RTA, ramp anneal and argon anneal were performed on low oxygen 300 mm wafers without vacancy or interstitial agglomerates (“so called” defect-free material). Best results were achieved using high temperature argon anneal leading to a homogenous BMD and denuded zone formation. Furthermore the getter efficiency was positively tested by intentional Ni-contamination. Concepts to overcome the slip danger like improved support geometries and nitrogen codoping were also evaluated and are seen to be beneficial.

SOME LETHAL TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF TWO MINNOWS OF THE GENUS CHROSOMUS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert V. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Shock ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Equal Temperature

The resistance and tolerance of Chrosomus eos and Chrosomus neogaeus to high temperatures were examined. Tests were conducted with C. neogaeus in winter and with C. eos in winter and summer. For both species, death at high temperatures could be separated into three lethal patterns or "effects". The first effect seemed to be associated, at least in part, with thermal shock. Factors generating the other effects were not apparent.Both species showed about the same degree of tolerance and resistance to high temperatures when they were acclimated to 15 °C or higher. At 9 °C, C. eos was less tolerant to high lethal temperatures than was C. neogaeus.When equal temperature acclimations were compared, C. eos was more resistant to high lethal temperatures in summer than in winter.

Heat Transfer Modeling in a Counter-Current Moving-Bed Tubular Reactor for High-Temperature Thermochemical Energy Storage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Huang ◽  
Eric Million ◽  
Kelvin Randhir ◽  
Joerg Petrasch ◽  
James Klausner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Moving Bed ◽  
Oxidation Reactor ◽  
Counter Current

Abstract An axisymmetric model coupling counter-current gas-solid flow, heat transfer, and thermochemical redox reactions in a moving-bed tubular reactor was developed. The counter-current flow enhances convective heat transfer and a low oxygen partial pressure environment is maintained for thermal reduction within the reaction zone by using oxygen depleted inlet gas. A similar concept can be used for the oxidation reactor which releases high-temperature heat that can be used for power generation or as process heat. The heat transfer model was validated with published results for packed bed reactors. After validation, the model was applied to simulate the moving-bed reactor performance, through which the effects of the main geometric parameters and operating conditions were studied to provide guidance for lab-scale reactor fabrication and testing.

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