Efficiency and Rate of Yolk Utilization by Developing Embryos and Larvae of the Pacific Sardine Sardinops caerulea (Girard)

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Lasker
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Yolk Utilization ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Sardine ◽  
Yolk Volume

The chemical composition of ripe Pacific sardine ovaries, composed primarily of yolk, is almost identical to that of yolk extracted from planktonic sardine embryos and larvae. Caloric measurements were made on ripe ovaries and the values obtained were used to estimate the caloric content of individual sardine embryos and larvae.Water content of sardine egg and larval yolk averages 91.2%. An egg with a yolk volume of 0.56-mm3 has a caloric reserve of 0.30 calorie when spawned. Caloric uptake from the embryonic and larval yolk was measured against time, and caloric utilization due to catabolic processes was analysed by indirect calorimetry (oxygen consumption) with changing embryological development and swimming activity. The caloric value of the remaining yolk 160 hours after spawning; (at 14 °C) is not sufficient to completely support the sardine larva's catabolic processes. This deficit is made up by resorption of tissue and is reflected in a loss of larval weight. Yolk is converted into tissue with an average assimilation coefficient of about 79%.

The Development of the Vertebral Column of the Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii)

1940 ◽  
Vol 5a (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes M. Gwyn
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Vertebral Number ◽  
Clupea Pallasii ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Pacific

Embryological development is followed over a period of ten weeks after hatching. The mode of formation of the components of the vertebral column is compared with that in Clupea harengus, and is described in detail where differences are observed or additional information is available. Development appears essentially similar in the two species, although in general more rapid relative to length in C. pallasii. At hatching, myotome formation is complete and the ultimate vertebral number of an individual is presumably determined by that time. During ossification of the vertebral column, complex growth gradients from one or more centres are observed.

Oxygen consumption in the early postinjury period: Use of continuous, on-line indirect calorimetry

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel R. Peerless ◽  
Carol D. Epstein ◽  
James E. Martin ◽  
Alfred C. Pinchak ◽  
Mark A. Malangoni
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
On Line

IMPROVE ON PERFORMANCE OF INDIRECT CALORIMETRY FOR SMALL PRETERM INFANTS

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHIH-CHING LIN ◽  
CHING-HSING LUO ◽  
TSU-FUH YEH
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Improved Performance

An indirect calorimetry system of measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production has been frequently used for preterm infants. The energy consumption and metabolic measurements are based on flow-through technology. The noninvasive measurement feature of the indirect calorimeter is widely used in pediatric clinical research. However, the indirect calorimeter has several limitations for small preterm infants, particularly the ill infant weighing < 1.0 kg. In this paper, we propose some technologies and methodologies to improve the performance of the indirect calorimetry. According to these technologies and methodologies, we redesign the indirect calorimeter proposed in our pervious study. The laboratory evaluation at the different alcohol combustion rates and several exhaust flow rates is used to survey the improved performance. As the results, the accuracy and precision is enhanced by these methods and the lowest oxygen consumption rate, 4.35 ml/min, fits for baby weight of 0.66 kg. It is demonstrated that the performances of new indirect calorimetry are substantially improved. It can be applied to calculate the energy consumption and metabolic rate for low-birth-weight infants in clinical research.

scholarly journals A Single Dose of Goji Berries Does Not Affect Postprandial Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation in Healthy, Overweight Men

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
José J. van den Driessche ◽  
Jogchum Plat ◽  
Guy Plasqui ◽  
Ronald P. Mensink
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Lycium Barbarum ◽  
Meal Intake ◽  
Postprandial Energy Expenditure

Background and Aim. Increasing energy expenditure is an effective strategy for the prevention of obesity. In this respect, Lycium barbarum (goji berry) is of interest, as it has been shown to increase postprandial oxygen consumption. Although this suggests that energy expenditure was also increased, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation can only be assessed accurately when both oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are measured. We therefore investigated the effects of a single dose of Lycium barbarum fruit on postprandial energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in a randomized, double-blind crossover trial. In addition, markers of lipid and glucose metabolism were measured. Methods. Seventeen healthy, overweight men received in a random order a meal containing 25 grams of dried Lycium barbarum fruit or a control meal matched for caloric content and macronutrient composition. Energy expenditure and the respiratory quotient were determined using indirect calorimetry before and up to 4 hours after meal intake. Blood was sampled before and after meal intake at regular intervals for analyses of plasma glucose, serum triacylglycerol, and free fatty acid concentrations. Results. Energy expenditure significantly increased after the Lycium barbarum and control meal, but no differences were found between the meals (p=0.217). Postprandial changes in respiratory quotient (p=0.719) and concentrations of glucose (p=0.663), triacylglycerol (p=0.391), and free fatty acids (p=0.287) were also not affected by Lycium barbarum intake. Conclusions. A single dose of Lycium barbarum does not affect postprandial energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and markers for lipid and glucose metabolism in healthy, overweight men.

Percent relative cumulative frequency analysis in indirect calorimetry: application to studies of transgenic mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 1075-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Riachi ◽  
Jean Himms-Hagen ◽  
Mary-Ellen Harper
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Cumulative Frequency ◽  
And Control ◽  
Deficient Mice

Indirect calorimetry is commonly used in research and clinical settings to assess characteristics of energy expenditure. Respiration chambers in indirect calorimetry allow measurements over long periods of time (e.g., hours to days) and thus the collection of large sets of data. Current methods of data analysis usually involve the extraction of only a selected small proportion of data, most commonly the data that reflects resting metabolic rate. Here, we describe a simple quantitative approach for the analysis of large data sets that is capable of detecting small differences in energy metabolism. We refer to it as the percent relative cumulative frequency (PRCF) approach and have applied it to the study of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) deficient and control mice. The approach involves sorting data in ascending order, calculating their cumulative frequency, and expressing the frequencies in the form of percentile curves. Results demonstrate the sensitivity of the PRCF approach for analyses of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]02) as well as respiratory exchange ratio data. Statistical comparisons of PRCF curves are based on the 50th percentile values and curve slopes (H values). The application of the PRCF approach revealed that energy expenditure in UCP1-deficient mice housed and studied at room temperature (24 °C) is on average 10% lower (p < 0.0001) than in littermate controls. The gradual acclimation of mice to 12 °C caused a near-doubling of [Formula: see text] in both UCP1-deficient and control mice. At this lower environmental temperature, there were no differences in [Formula: see text] between groups. The latter is likely due to augmented shivering thermogenesis in UCP1-deficient mice compared with controls. With the increased availability of murine models of metabolic disease, indirect calorimetry is increasingly used, and the PRCF approach provides a novel and powerful means for data analysis.Key words: thermogenesis, oxygen consumption, metabolic rate, uncoupling protein, UCP.

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