Serum Proteins and Antibody Production in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1957-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Post
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Humoral Antibodies ◽  
Protein Components

Rainbow trout serum was shown to be made up of three major protein components. These three major components did not coincide by electrophoretic mobility or by relative salt solubility with the classic albumin, α-, β-, and γ-globulin separation of the sera of higher animals. A component equivalent to γ-globulin of higher animals was found to be completely lacking in the sera of both immunized and non-immunized rainbow trout.Specific humoral antibodies in rainbow trout immune sera were found to be contained in the electrophoretically least mobile proteins. These proteins coincided most nearly to the β-globulins and possibly the least electrophoretically mobile α-globulins of higher animals. Salt solubility of the serum proteins containing the specific antibody assisted in this conclusion. The electrophoretically least mobile major serum protein components were found to contain all of the antibody activity. These proteins could be removed from immune serum by 20% sodium sulfate. The assumption was made that Aeromonas hydrophila antibodies in immunized rainbow trout blood serum may be made up of a complex of serum proteins with a broad range of salt solubility and electrophoretic mobilities.Serum proteins of rainbow trout could also be classified as euglobulins or pseudoglobulins. The serum proteins which contained the A. hydrophila antibodies were found to be euglobulins.

Suppression of the Primary Immune Response in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, Sublethally Exposed to Tritiated Water During Embryogenesis

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1293-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Strand ◽  
M. P. Fujihara ◽  
R. D. Burdett ◽  
T. M. Poston
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Antibody Synthesis ◽  
Agglutination Assay

Antibody synthesis, in response to vaccination with a 0.1-ml (1.8 × 108 cells/ml) intraperitoneally injected, heat-killed strain of Flexibacter columnaris, was employed to investigate the effect of tritium irradiation (0, 0.04, 0.4, 4.0, 40 rads total dose for 20 days during embryogenesis) on development of the primary immune response in 5-mo rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, reared under essentially pathogen-free conditions. Specific agglutinins to F. columnaris, determined 1-wk pre vaccination, and 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 wk postvaccination increased rapidly in both control and irradiated fish following vaccination. Agglutinin levels in irradiated fish were suppressed to 50% of control levels at 40 rads during the 9th wk, and 50% of control levels at 4.0 rads during the 11th wk. Electrophoretic separation of serum proteins of both control and irradiated–vaccinated fish demonstrated four major protein fractions. Densitometry analyses demonstrated that fraction IV increased significantly in percent of total protein following antigenic stimulation, suggesting that fraction IV represents the specific humoral antibody to F. columnaris. The relative percent of total protein contained in fraction IV was significantly reduced in irradiated–vaccinated fish. Key words: antibody synthesis, agglutination assay, vaccination, Flexibacter columnaris, tritium, Salmo gairdneri, electrophoresis, serum protein, densitometry, primary immune response

The Proteins of Hevea Brasiliensis Latex. II. Isolation of the α-Globulin of Fresh Latex Serum

1956 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 1018-1025
Author(s):  
B. L. Archer ◽  
E. G. Cockbain
Keyword(s):  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Fractional Precipitation ◽  
Isoelectric Precipitation ◽  
Preliminary Examination ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Prosthetic Groups

Abstract 1. One of the two major protein components of fresh Hevea-latex serum has been isolated by an isoelectric precipitation method and the optimum conditions for the precipitation have been determined. 2. Attempts to isolate this component by fractional precipitation of the total serum proteins with ammonium sulfate gave markedly heterogeneous products. 3. A preliminary examination has been made of the purified protein. Analytical and solubility data indicate that it is a globulin lacking non-protein prosthetic groups.

Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Microflora of the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Goldfish (Carassius auratus), and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1174-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Trust ◽  
L. M. Bull ◽  
B. R. Currie ◽  
J. T. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microflora

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bred in Arkansas and maintained in British Columbia under defined culture conditions on pelleted diets and on aquatic weeds, were examined to determine their commensal gastrointestinal bacterial flora. Using anaerobic incubation, the total bacterial numbers cultured ranged from 6 × 104 to 4 × 108 (average 4 × 106) per g of alimentary tract plus contents. Obligately anaerobic bacteria were isolated and identified as species of Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus. This is the first description of the presence of these strictly anaerobic organisms in the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Indeed, many of the anaerobes isolated did not conform to previously described species. Members of the Genus Clostridium were also isolated by enrichment culture and appeared to be associated with a pond weed diet. A wide variety of facultative anaerobic bacteria were also isolated, with Aeromonas hydrophila predominating. The gastrointestinal tracts of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were also found to contain sizable numbers of obligate anaerobes, but the gastrointestinal tracts of hatchery-cultured rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) contained insignificant numbers. Key words: grass carp, anaerobic bacteria, gastrointestinal microflora, Aeromonas hydrophila, rainbow trout, goldfish

Glomerular permselectivity to serum proteins in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (3) ◽  
pp. R418-R423
Author(s):  
B. Elger ◽  
H. Ruhs ◽  
H. Hentschel
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Glomerular Hemodynamics

Changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were induced in the unanesthetized rainbow trout by short-term adaptation from freshwater (FW) to brackish water (BW, 50% seawater) to investigate the effect of altered glomerular function on the glomerular permselectivity to endogenous serum proteins in vivo. Protein patterns of serum and urine were obtained by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. In the serum, high-molecular-weight proteins dominate by 83.1 +/- 8.16%, and total serum protein concentrations were 3.25 +/- 0.32 (FW) and 3.12 +/- 0.16 g/100 ml (BW). The urinary protein concentration increased from 16.0 +/- 1.41 (FW) to 42.8 +/- 11.0 mg/100 ml (BW), whereas GFR and urine flow rate, both linearly related, decreased from 4.55 +/- 0.34 (FW) to 1.84 +/- 0.11 (BW) ml.h-1.kg-1 and from 2.31 +/- 0.19 (FW) to 0.56 +/- 0.02 (BW) ml.h-1.kg-1, respectively. The fractional clearance of protein increased exponentially at decreased GFR. This suggests increased glomerular filtration of serum proteins due to altered glomerular hemodynamics.

Precipitating Antibody Against Aeromonas salmonicida in Serums of Inbred Albino Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1389-1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas P. Anderson ◽  
George W. Klontz
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Parenteral Exposure ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Gel Diffusion

Precipitins in albino rainbow trout serums were demonstrated by gel diffusion after a single parenteral exposure to the soluble antigens of Aeromonas salmonicida. The fraction of the serum containing antibody activity against the presented antigens was shown by immunoelectrophoresis to be in the nonmigrating region. This corresponded to the beta-2 fraction of rabbit serum. An antibody-containing component comparable with rabbit gamma globulin was not detected.

Response of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Antigens of Aeromonas hydrophila

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1487-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Post
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Antibody Synthesis ◽  
Humoral Antibody ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Immunization Procedure

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) produced antibodies specific for Aeromonas hydrophila. Two parenteral routes yielded no measurable difference in rate of antibody synthesis. Method of bacterin suspension indicated adjuvant suspension was superior in maintenance of humoral antibody and challenge protection when compared to saline suspension of the organism.Antibody synthesis from adjuvant-suspended bacterin lagged approximately 30 days behind the rate of synthesis by fish receiving saline suspended bacteria. The highest measurable antibody titer reached by an individual was 1:64. Individuals receiving saline suspended bacterin showed evidence of loss of titer approximately 2 months after the last antigen inoculation. Definite decrease in titer was noted 5 months after the last antigen inoculation and the return to a probable nonimmune class by approximately one-half of the individuals 7 months after the last inoculation. All individuals receiving adjuvant-suspended bacterin remained in the probable immune class for as long as 6 months following the last bacterin inoculation, but only approximately one-half of the individuals remained in the probable immune class 7 months postinoculation.All fish receiving a weighed quantity of killed A. hydrophila orally each day for 9 consecutive months showed presence of humoral A. hydrophila antibody. This immunization procedure produced 50% of the individuals with humoral antibody titers considered to be in the probable immune class.Fish receiving no immunization remained with negative antibody titers throughout the experimental period.Definite protection was given fish which had been immunized by parenteral inoculation.Similar protection was given after immunization by either intramuscular or intraperitoneal routes. Fish receiving either saline or adjuvant-suspended bacterin parenterally showed analogous protection when challenged by the specific bacteria. Fish receiving oral bacterin received questionable protection against parenteral challenge of the specific organism.Phagocytosis was found to occur to a greater extent in immunized rainbow trout than in nonimmunized rainbow trout. An average phagocytic index of parenterally immunized rainbow trout was 1.08. Nonimmunized rainbow trout of the same age and egg source had an average phagocytic index of 0.30. The opsonic index was 3.6.

Extracellular virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila in fish infections

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1114-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda J. Allan ◽  
Roselynn M. W. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Parental Strain ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Deficient Mutant ◽  
Protease Deficient ◽  
Extracellular Substances

Aeromonas hydrophila NRC 505 produced extracellular substances which were capable of causing pathological effects when injected into trout. Proteolytic activity and haemolytic activity of the extracellular products, and the effect on fish, were lost on heating. The extracellular substances from strain G35, a protease-deficient mutant, were significantly more toxic to both rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) than the analogous preparation from the parental strain NRC 505. The response of speckled trout injected intraperitoneally with dilutions of the extracellular preparations implicates haemolytic activity as a significant lethality factor.

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