Temperature Selection and Estimated Thermal Acclimation by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a Thermal Plume

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Spigarelli ◽  
M. M. Thommes
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Thermal Plume ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Discharge Temperature

Body temperatures of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) caught from a thermal discharge into Lake Michigan were used to determine selected temperatures and to estimate acclimation temperatures of this species under field conditions. Approximately 65–75% of the variability in body temperatures was related to water temperature (direct) and fish weight (inverse). Body temperatures increased with increases in discharge temperature, but the difference between body and ambient water temperatures decreased at high water temperatures. The modal body temperature of small fish was 19 °C, the final preferred temperature predicted for rainbow trout by some lab studies. The modal body temperature of large fish was 15 °C. Estimates of acclimation temperatures indicate that the majority of rainbow trout caught in this discharge area were acclimated to plume temperatures. Estimated acclimation temperatures exceeded ambient acclimation by as much as 10 °C for individual fish while group means ranged between 2 and 6 °C over ambient acclimation. Key words: temperature selection, acclimation, thermal plume, rainbow trout, Lake Michigan, body temperature, size effect

Temperature Selection of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fingerlings in Vertical and Horizontal Gradients

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1801-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McCauley ◽  
W. L. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Horizontal Gradients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradients ◽  
Selection Of

Preferred temperatures of underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were determined in both vertical and horizontal temperature gradients. No statistically significant difference was found between the preferred temperatures by the two different methods. This suggests that the nature of the gradient plays a lesser role than generally believed in laboratory investigations of temperature preference.

Effects of Age and Overhead Illumination on Temperatures Preferred by Underyearling Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, in a Vertical Temperature Gradient

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1430-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Hwa Kwain ◽  
Robert W. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Vertical Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Vertical Temperature ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Distribution Of Fish ◽  
Vertical Gradients

During their first 12 mo of life rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, preferred progressively cooler temperatures as they grew older; 19 °C was selected during the 1st mo and the selected temperature declined by intervals of 0.5 °C for each of the following months up to the 3rd mo. Fish swam higher in temperature gradients exposed to overhead illumination than in those in total darkness. This trend was reversed during the following 9 mo. These findings demonstrate the important role that age plays in the temperature preference of this species and the influence that overhead light may have on the distribution of fish in vertical gradients. Key words: preferred temperature, age, Salmo gairdneri, light gradients

Characterization and Subcellular Localization of Leucine Aminonaphthylamidase (LAN) in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1289-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Bouck ◽  
P. W. Schneider Jr. ◽  
Janet Jacobson ◽  
R. C. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Body Temperatures

LAN analyses appear to have diagnostic value in fish pathobiology and studies were undertaken to determine optima for substrate concentration, pH, reaction time, temperature, and buffer ions. Citrate ion did not inhibit LAN at anticoagulant levels, but cyanide, pyrophosphate, and EDTA had an inhibitory effect. Storage of samples at —10 and 1 C resulted in small but significant reductions of LAN activity, while at room temperature enzyme activity was rapidly lost. LAN activity was distributed among liver fractions as follows: microsomes, 12%; mitochondria, 9%; cellular sap, 37%; other, 50%. Three isozymes of LAN were found. Blood plasma contained significant amounts of LAN activity which was significantly higher in cold- than in warm-acclimated fish. However, these LAN levels were comparable when their activity was extrapolated to body temperatures.

Effect of Growth Rate and Size of Fish on Rate of Intoxication by Waterfoorne Lead

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1243-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
D. George Dixon ◽  
Douglas J. Spry ◽  
D. M. Whittle ◽  
John B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout

Three experiments were undertaken to test the null hypotheses that increasing fish size and growth rate do not increase the rate of intoxication of fish by lead. The first experiment demonstrated that there were no significant correlations between weight of fish and either whole-body or blood lead concentrations in feral lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). The whole-body lead concentration of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) was, however, negatively correlated to wet weight.During the second experiment, an 8-d laboratory exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to 100 μg/L of total waterborne lead caused a greater uptake of lead by opercular bone in small fish than in larger fish. No relationship was apparent between fish weight and uptake of lead by blood.Chronic exposure of juvenile rainbow trout to lead results in the development of black tails, a symptom of neurotoxicity. The final experiment related the incidence and prevalence of black tails to size and growth rate (ration level) of juvenile rainbow trout chronically exposed to 543 μg/L of total waterborne lead starting with the sac-fry stage. At weights below a common threshold size of 1.5–2.5 g, no black tails occurred; above this threshold the incidence of black tails was a function of growth rate, i.e. the rate at which fish reached the threshold size. The prevalence of black tails was always less in slowly growing fish.These experiments demonstrated that the rate of intoxication by lead, as indicated by uptake rates into tissues and the incidence and prevalence of a symptom of neurotoxicity, did not increase with fish size, but rather with growth rate.Key words: fish, toxicity, lead, fish size, growth rate, neurotoxicity, uptake

Contaminant Accumulation and Physiological Response in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Reared on Naturally Contaminated Diets

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1987-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
P. V. Hodson ◽  
H. E. Braun ◽  
J. L. Leatherland ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Thyroid Hyperplasia

Juvenile rainbow trout were reared for 24 wk on practical-type diets formulated with fish meals derived from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) taken from Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and the Pacific Ocean. Levels of contaminants (DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, mirex, and PCBs) increased 10-fold from control and Pacific Ocean salmon-based diets to Lake Ontario salmon-based diets. Rainbow trout accumulated contaminants in direct proportion to dietary levels. However, there were no significant differences in the final body weights, feed to gain ratios, or mortality rates of the trout reared on the different test diets. No signs of abnormal behavior or any indication of histopathological abnormalities were observed in any of the fish. There were no signs of thyroid hyperplasia or any significant decline in serum T3 or T4 levels with increasing dietary contaminant levels. Therefore, rainbow trout do not appear to have been affected by the uptake and accumulation of contaminants. However, the trout did not appear to regulate their body burden of contaminants; this ultimately could prove to be toxic and may adversely affect the ability of these fish to reproduce and survive. The final concentrations of mirex and PCBs in the Lake Ontario-fed fish exceeded the allowed limits to protect human health; therefore, fish meals produced from Lake Ontario salmon are unsuitable as a source of feed for aquaculture of rainbow trout intended for human consumption.

Behavioral responses to pyrogen in cold-stressed and starved newborn rabbits

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (3) ◽  
pp. R167-R172 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kleitman ◽  
E. Satinoff
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Selection Of

Starvation for 2 days and a chronic mild cold stress prevented the rises in body temperature that normally occur in newborn rabbits that have been injected with pyrogen (Piromen, 5 mg/kg). Nevertheless, the stressed pups selected significantly warmer positions in a thermal gradient than did saline-injected littermates and thereby raised their body temperatures. Enhanced heat seeking and subsequent fever were also observed in normally fed pups that were incubated at 24 degrees C and had become hypothermic after pyrogen injection. The responses of the pups before they were allowed to thermoregulate behaviorally resemble the types of thermal responses to infection seen in human newborns. The temperature selection of these pups, and others, indicates that pyrogen elevates the set points of newborn rabbits when endothermic fever is attenuated or even absent.

Diel Food Selection by Two Sizes of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in an Experimental Stream

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 971-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Bisson
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Invertebrate Drift ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Drift Density ◽  
Experimental Stream ◽  
Selection Of

The food selected by small (~ 3 g) and large (~ 45 g) hatchery rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), studied over a 28-h period, showed that the fish fed selectively, but often on different prey organisms. Feeding activity was highest during daylight hours but was only loosely associated with increases in invertebrate drift density. The majority of large trout exploited adult chironomids on the surface, whereas small trout fed primarily on midwater drift. At night when drift densities were low the limited feeding that took place apparently shifted to bottom foraging. Prey size was the most important factor affecting vulnerability to predation at all hours. Both large and small fish rarely consumed invertebrates < 2 mm long. Selection of larger individuals among certain prey taxa occurred, and in two important groups (Trichoptera and Chironomidae) large trout ate significantly larger prey than did small trout. By being size selective, the trout lost the opportunity to exploit smaller organisms, particularly Collembola, which constituted the bulk of the total drift. Key words: diel habits, drift, predation, rainbow trout, size selection

PREFERRED TEMPERATURE OF RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON) AND ITS UNUSUAL RELATIONSHIP TO ACCLIMATION TEMPERATURE

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Garside ◽  
J. S. Tait
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Preferred Temperatures

The modal preferred temperatures of rainbow trout acclimated to 5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C., and 20 °C. were determined photographically to be 16 °C, 15 °C., 13 °C, and 11 °C., respectively. The final preferendum was 13 °C. The phenomenon of decreasing preferred temperature with increasing acclimation temperature has not been reported for any other species of fish.

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