Effect of Sulfite Dechlorination on the Accumulation of Waterborne Lead by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Douglas J. Spry
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sodium Sulfite ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Laboratory Water

Chlorine can be removed from laboratory water supplies by reduction with sodium sulfite, but sulfite complexation of metals may bias aquatic toxicity tests. We tested the effect of waterborne sulfite on the accumulation of waterborne lead by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). After 96 h, the blood lead levels of trout exposed to both 100 μg lead/L and 440 μg sodium sulfite/L were lower than those exposed to lead alone. The highest level of sodium sulfite having no effect on blood lead was 20 μg/L. The addition of 200–300 μg sodium sulfite/L to our water supply after charcoal filtration removed residual chlorine levels rapidly and completely. This reaction, and other possible reactions with organic matter, always reduced measureabie sulfite levels to less than 1 μg/L (limit of detection), a level much lower than those tested. Hence, sulfite dechlorination should not interfere with metal bioassays.

pH-Induced Changes in Blood Lead of Lead-Exposed Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Beverly R. Blunt ◽  
Douglas J. Spry
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lead Uptake ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Test Water ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Inorganic Constituents ◽  
Uptake And Release

Blood of juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to lead in water showed increasing lead concentrations as pH of the test water decreased from 10.0 to 6.0. A decrease in pH by 1.0 unit from any reference pH resulted in an increase of blood lead by a factor of 2.1. Since sublethal lead toxicity is related to uptake, these results suggest that toxicity increases as pH decreases. Control experiments indicated that reactions of lead with inorganic constituents of the test water were complete within 3 h and that blood lead was at equilibrium with water lead within 48 h. Therefore, at the time of blood sampling in the pH experiment, both lead complexation processes in the exposure system, plus lead uptake and release from the blood, were at equilibrium. Key words: pH, lead, toxicity, fish, Salmo, blood, equilibrium.

Potential Aquatic Health Impacts of Selected Dechlorination Chemicals

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onita D. Basu ◽  
Sarah M. Dorner
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Sodium Sulfite ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

Abstract Municipal wastewater effluents are one of the largest single effluent discharges in Canada. Chlorination of wastewater effluents is a widespread practice throughout Canada (excluding Quebec), the United States and parts of Europe. As chlorine in wastewater effluents is toxic to aquatic biota, dechlorination chemicals may be used to reduce residual chlorine concentrations to below 0.02 mg/L (as Cl2) as mandated by Canadian law. However, the potential aquatic health impacts of residual dechlorination chemicals must also be determined. Seven dechlorination agents (ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, calcium thiosulfate, sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium bisulfite) were evaluated with regards to their 48 hour acute toxicity. Tests were conducted using Daphnia magna to identify the acute (48 h) toxicity affects of the dechlorination chemicals over a range of concentrations (0-200 mg/L). Sodium sulfite and thiosulfate were found to have the least aquatic mortality effects while hydrogen peroxide and calcium thiosulfate had the most deleterious effects.

Influence of pH on the Acute Lethality of Fenitrothion, 2,4-D, and Aminocarb and Some pH-Altered Sublethal Effects of Aminocarb on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Doe ◽  
W. R. Ernst ◽  
W. R. Parker ◽  
G. R. J. Julien ◽  
P. A. Hennigar
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Control Range ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
Brain Acetylcholinesterase

Three pesticides, fenitrothion, 2,4-D, and aminocarb, were tested in static 96-h acute lethal toxicity tests using fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at pH 4.6, 5.6, 6.9, and 8.5. The toxicity of aminocarb, a base, increased significantly with increasing pH. Conversely, the toxicity of the acidic pesticide 2,4-D increased with decreasing pH. The toxicity of the neutral pesticide fenitrothion did not change significantly with changing pH. Subsequent tests were performed on trout fingerlings with aminocarb to determine the effect of two exposure pH's on brain acetylcholinesterase activity and whole-body aminocarb residue. Brain acetylcholinesterase was found to be inversely proportional to whole-body aminocarb content of fish. In fish exposed at pH 4.6, brain acetylcholinesterase was maximally depressed at 6 h, after which it recovered to within the control range. Whole-body aminocarb concentrations rose to a maximum within 6 h and subsequently declined to low levels. In fish exposed at pH 8.2, brain acetylcholinesterase dropped below the control range by 1 h and remained low until all fish died by 72 h. A maximum whole-body aminocarb concentration was reached within 1 h and remained elevated until the fish died. Several explanations for the observed results are presented.

Increased Toxicity of Ammonia to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Resulting from Reduced Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert V. Thurston ◽  
Glenn R. Phillips ◽  
Rosemarie C. Russo ◽  
Susan M. Hinkins
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Flow Through

The median lethal concentration (LC50) of aqueous ammonia at reduced dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentrations was tested in acute toxicity tests with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings. Fifteen 96-h flow-through tests were conducted over the D.O. range 2.6–8.6 mg/L, the former concentration being the lowest at which control fish survived. There was a positive linear correlation between LC50 (milligrams per litre un-ionized ammonia) and D.O. over the entire D.O. range tested; ammonia toxicity increased as D.O. decreased. Ammonia LC50 values were also computed for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h; the correlation with D.O. was greater the shorter the time period.Key words: ammonia toxicity, dissolved oxygen, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

Influences of Dieldrin on the Growth and Body Composition of Fingerling Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fed Oregon Moist Pellets or Tubificid Worms (Tubifex sp.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn R. Phillips ◽  
Donald R. Buhler
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Tubificid Worms

Fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed tubificid worms (Tubifex sp.) grew faster than those fed Oregon Moist Pellets (OMP) over a similar range of rations. Faster growth resulted because trout incorporated protein and fat from tubificids more efficiently than from OMP. Exposure to a sublethal concentration of dieldrin in water (0.18 μg/L) did not affect the protein elaboration of trout fed either diet or fat metabolism in trout fed OMP. However, dieldrin reduced fat elaboration in trout fed tubificids. The dieldrin concentrations in trout exposed to dieldrin in water increased as feeding level (and therefore body fat) increased. The different responses to dieldrin by fish fed these two diets provides evidence that the diet offered to fish can significantly influence the outcome of chronic toxicity tests. Key words: Rainbow trout, tubificid worms, Oregon Moist Pellets, dieldrin, growth, fat metabolism

Evaluation of Erythrocyte δ-amino Levulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity as a Short-Term Indicator in Fish of a Harmful Exposure to Lead

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Beverley R. Blunt ◽  
Douglas J. Spry ◽  
Keith Austen
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Acid Dehydratase ◽  
Amino Levulinic Acid

The activity of erythrocyte δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) of fish is easily measured under a variety of experimental conditions. Exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and pumpkinseeds (Lepomis gibbosus) to lead consistently inhibited ALA-D within 2 wks at concentrations as low as 10, 90, 470, and 90 μg/ℓ, respectively. In rainbow and brook trout these concentrations were closely related to the published minimum effective concentrations causing sublethal harm. There was a significant linear relationship between ALA-D activity and log of blood lead concentration, between ALA-D activity and log of lead in water, and between blood lead and lead in water. Near lethal exposures to cadmium, copper, zinc, and mercury did not significantly inhibit ALA-D activity. Recovery of ALA-D activity of rainbow trout after transfer from 120 μg/ℓ lead to clean water occurred in 8 wk. This enzyme provides fast, consistent, specific, and sensitive estimates of lead concentrations causing sublethal harm to fish and may help to relate sources of lead to degree of exposure of fish populations in the field. Key words: lead, sublethal toxicity, fish, indicator enzyme, δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase

Effect of Seasonal Photoperiod on Acute Toxic Responses of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Pulpmill Effluent

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1388-1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay ◽  
Michael R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Toxic Responses ◽  
Acute Toxic

Acute toxic responses to bleached kraft pulpmill effluent were compared for groups of underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) reared under constant temperature and either a summer (16L:8D) or winter (8L:16D) photoperiod. Toxicity tests included a 96-h LC50 bioassay, a 4.5-h sealed-jar test, an 18-h temperature tolerance test, and a 4-h blood-sugar stress bioassay. For all tests the threshold-effect concentration of effluent was not affected by photoperiod. Median effective concentrations for the blood-sugar, temperature tolerance, and sealed-jar tests were, respectively, < 0.2, 0.4, and ~1.4 times the 96-h LC50 value for each fish group. Key words: Salmo gairdneri, photoperiod, BKME, acute toxicity tests, LC50, blood sugar, temperature tolerance, residual oxygen

Effects of Dietary Ascorbic Acid on Chronic Lead Toxicity to Young Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Hodson ◽  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
B. R. Blunt ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Spinal Curvatures ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Amino Levulinic Acid ◽  
Acid Deficiency

Newly hatched rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to waterborne lead and receiving diets deficient in, or supplemented with, ascorbic acid, developed classical symptoms of lead toxicity and ascorbic acid deficiency. Those exposed to lead showed elevated blood lead concentrations, inhibition of erythrocyte δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase, darkening of the tail regions and spinal curvatures. Those receiving ascorbate deficient diets showed depletion of carcass, liver, kidney, and brain ascorbic acid concentrations plus spinal curvatures. Fish subjected to both treatments simultaneously showed no evidence of an enhancement of ascorbate deficiency symptoms by exposure to lead or enhancement or reduction of lead toxicity symptoms by ascorbate deficient or supplemented diets, respectively. These results demonstrate that, although aspects of lead toxicity in fish resemble ascorbic acid deficiency, there is no metabolic interaction between the two factors.Key words: pollutants, toxicity, interaction, lead, vitamin deficiencies, Salmonidae, rainbow trout

EARTHQUAKES, OIL, AND WATER DON'T MIX

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (1) ◽  
pp. 1027-1028
Author(s):  
Eric W. Bastin ◽  
Eric P. McElravy ◽  
Martin J. Ostendorf ◽  
Eugene R. Mancini
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Community ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Initial Rise

ABSTRACT The release of crude oil into a southern California river from an earthquake-related pipeline rupture resulted in an initial rise in TPH and total BTEX concentrations in the water column. No toxicity was observed in aquatic toxicity tests conducted with rainbow trout and threespine stickleback. Statistically significant differences noted in several of the indices of macroinvertebrate community structure at sites downstream from the oil entry location appeared to be due to confounding factors including the spill. The assessment of incident-related impacts was complicated by several earthquake-related phenomena.

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