Comparison of Continuous and Episodic Exposure to Acidic, Aluminum-Contaminated Waters of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2036-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth K. Siddens ◽  
Wayne K. Seim ◽  
Lawrence R. Curtis ◽  
Gary A. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Ambient Condition ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Contaminated Waters

This study demonstrated that repetitive, intermittent exposures to aluminum (Al) under acidic conditions produced greater cumulative mortality and lower growth rates of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) than would be extrapolated from continuous exposure experiments. During a 24-d study, exposures were at pH 4.4 or 4.9 with 0.2––1.2 mg Al∙L−1. Data were analyzed based on peak and 24-d mean Al concentrations of continuous and intermittent (2-d toxicant, 4-d ambient condition cycle) exposures. Survival was lower in groups exposed to at pH 4.9 than those at 4.4 when intermittently exposed but not when continuously exposed. Growth rates were less for fish continuously exposed at pH 4.4 compared with those at pH 4.9, while intermittent exposures to Al acidity alone did not affect growth. Fish intermittently exposed to Al at pH 4.4 grew faster than those at pH 4.9, indicating greater Al toxicity at the higher pH.

Retardation and Recovery of Growth in Brook Trout Fry (Salvelinus fontinalis) Exposed for Various Durations to Acidified Water

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2048-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Tam ◽  
P. D. Payson ◽  
R. J. J. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Test Fish ◽  
Neutral Water

Brook trout fry (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to pH 4.66 for various durations up to 141 d and then returned to neutral water. Growth of test fish was in general significantly lower than that of control fish for exposures up to days 45–78. In four of six groups of acid-treated fish, growth eventually recovered and the growth rates were not different from that of control fish. The results suggested that growth inhibition was induced early in the exposure to sublethally low pH and that recovery in the latter phase of the experiment occurred whether pH remained acidic or was readjusted to neutral.

Growth and Resistance to Stress in Brook Trout Fed Sublethal Levels of DDT

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2443-2451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Macek
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Resistance To Stress

When underyearling brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were fed DDT at a rate of 2.0 mg/kg per week for 31 weeks, they exhibited greater weight gain (43.2 ± 0.8 g) during the period than did untreated fish (36.6 ± 1.1 g). When underyearling fish were fed DDT at different rates for 26 weeks and then starved or fed at a rate equivalent to 10% of the usual feeding rate, the cumulative mortality during this period was 96.2% among fish exposed to 3.0 mg/kg per week, 88.6% among fish exposed to 2.0 mg/kg per week, and 1.2% among untreated fish. Differences in the length of survival of DDT-exposed fish occurred due to dosage, sex, and type of starvation. The evidence suggests that the mortality of DDT-exposed fish was due to the interaction of DDT residues with a combination of environmental stresses, namely starvation, decreasing water temperature, and possibly the physiological stress associated with the spawning season.

Responses of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Fry to Fluctuating Acid, Aluminum, and Low Calcium Exposure

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1623-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Mount ◽  
M. J. Swanson ◽  
J. E. Breck ◽  
A. M. Farag ◽  
H. L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Pulse Exposure ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
Calcium Stress ◽  
Baseline Conditions

Brook trout fry were exposed for thirty days to temporal combinations of two water qualities: (1) pH 5.21, 51 μg/L total aluminum, with 2.39 mg/L calcium (baseline); and (2) pH 4.59, 329 μg/L total aluminum, with 1.56 mg/L calcium (pulse). Although continuous exposure to the latter conditions caused nearly complete mortality, exposures alternating between the two conditions caused much less mortality. In fact, fish experiencing 18 d of baseline conditions before their first pulse exposure had mortality rates equal to fish never experiencing a pulse, indicating acclimation to acid/aluminum/low calcium stress. We conclude that the pattern of fluctuating acid/aluminum/low calcium exposure is very important in determining its toxicity, and that the toxicity of acidic "pulses" in field situations may be lower than would be expected from laboratory exposures using naive fish, due to the existence of acclimation.

Early juvenile bioenergetic differences between anadromous and resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geneviève R Morinville ◽  
Joseph B Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Partial Migration ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Consumption Rates

Many salmonids, including brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), contain both anadromous (migrant) and nonanadromous (resident) forms within a population (partial migration). Although partial migration is commonly observed, the mechanisms governing the adoption of migration or residency are poorly understood. We used field estimates of fish growth coupled with in situ estimates of food consumption rates to demonstrate that a trade-off exists between the ability to efficiently exploit local environments (resident approach) and the capacity to capitalize from large-scale environmental heterogeneity (migrant approach). We demonstrate that in the year before migration, migrant brook trout have consumption rates 1.4 times higher than those of resident brook trout. However, migrants have lower growth efficiencies (ratio of growth to consumption) than residents, indicating that migrants have higher metabolic costs. Residents and migrants also differed in their stable carbon isotope signatures (δ13C), a time-integrated measure that has been linked to habitat use. Fish muscle δ13C of migrants was depleted by 1 ± 0.1‰ compared with that of residents, and this could not be explained by any biases introduced by the time of sampling or the size of fish sampled. Our findings thus agree with the notion that a link exists between metabolic costs (efficiency) and the adopted life-history strategy.

Nutrient-dependent recovery of Atlantic salmon streams from a catastrophic flood

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1672-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyan Weng ◽  
Nandita Mookerji ◽  
Asit Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Stream Communities ◽  
Periphyton Biomass ◽  
The Impact

The impact of a major flood and recovery of the stream communities under contrasting nutrient conditions were studied in two second-order streams of Sainte-Marguerite River, Quebec. A massive flood during the summer of 1996 caused extensive displacement of the stream substratum and severe reductions in the abundance of all biota: periphyton, benthic invertebrates, juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) (especially in the 0+ age-class). In the postflood recovery phase, nutrient-enriched sections recovered significantly more rapidly than the nonenriched sections. After 1 month, periphyton biomass in the enriched sections had increased to five times that of the preflood levels, and after 2 months, the invertebrate communities had recovered to preflood levels. Fish densities and growth rates also returned to normal levels more rapidly in the enriched sections. Our results suggest that nutrient-rich systems are more resilient to massive disturbances, and so, nutrient enrichment may represent a viable tool for restoring nutrient-limited systems.

Effects of the Floy Anchor Tag on the Growth and Survival of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Carline ◽  
O. M. Brynildson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Tag Loss ◽  
Retarded Growth

We conducted two field trials to determine the effects of the gun-injected, Floy anchor tag (FD-67) on growth and survival of 10-month-old domesticated brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a 0.7 ha pond. Trials ran from October to the following June. In 1968 we stocked 106 tagged trout and 1005 controls, and in 1969, 300 tagged trout and 500 controls. We removed different fins from each group to determine tag loss. In both trials we sampled the trout twice through the ice and twice during open water. The tags retarded growth of the trout from October to January; differences in growth rates between tagged and controls were 18 and 28% for the 1968 and 1969 trials, respectively. After January both groups grew at similar rates. Thetags did not affect survival, and tag losses were 5.7 and 2.0% for the two trials.

Using 137Cs to measure and compare bioenergetic budgets of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the field

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 875-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Tucker ◽  
J B Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Precocious Males ◽  
Annual Consumption ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Salmon Parr ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Parr

Through the 137Cs mass balance method, annual consumption rates were estimated for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and precocious males as well as for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) at four sites in the Ste-Marguerite River system, Québec. With explicit age analysis, consumption rates and growth rates were derived on an individual fish and age-class basis. These represent the first consumption estimates for Atlantic salmon in the wild. Precocious males had consumption rates 1.5 times greater than nonmaturing parr, while Atlantic salmon parr consumption rates were 2.7 times greater than brook trout. There was a strong positive relationship between individual annual consumption and growth rates for Atlantic salmon and brook trout at all sites. Subsequently the concept of field maintenance ration was introduced as the intercept of consumption over growth. Maintenance rations for Atlantic salmon parr ranged from 0.010 to 0.016 g·g-1·day-1 between sites. Brook trout had maintenance rations approximately half those of Atlantic salmon at 0.0059 g·g-1·day-1. Precocious male growth efficiencies were half those of nonmaturing parr despite higher feeding and growth rates. Brook trout growth efficiencies were significantly greater than those of Atlantic salmon parr. The lower growth efficiencies observed for Atlantic salmon are likely due to increased metabolic costs associated with higher activity. On average, Atlantic salmon parr spent 2.4-fold more energy in activity than brook trout. Atlantic salmon precocious males spent 1.7 times more energy in activity than parr.

Survival, Distribution, and Ion Composition in Two Strains of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Fry after Exposure to Episodic pH Depressions in an Adirondack Lake

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 792-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry K. Van Offelen ◽  
Charles C. Krueger ◽  
Carl L. Schofield ◽  
Chris Keleher
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
Survival Distribution ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Random Distributions ◽  
Spring Snowmelt

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) fry are susceptible to high mortality in acidified waters because of their low tolerance to acidic conditions and the potential occurrence of this life stage with episodic acidification associated with snowmelt. Prior to snowmelt, equal numbers of Assinica and Temiscamie strain fry were placed into enclosures. Twelve days after stocking, no consistent differences between strains were observed in survival, distribution, or ion composition. No fry of either strain survived in enclosures placed in shallow water (pH 4.8; 0.7 m depth). Fifty to 100% of fry of both strains survived in enclosures placed in deep water (pH 6.3; > 2.0 m depth). Fry survival in long enclosures that extended from shallow to deep water was 80–99%. Within long enclosures, both strains were recovered in higher densities from middle and deep sections of the enclosures than from shallow sections. High fry survival and non-random distributions in the long enclosures indicated that both strains were able to avoid lethal, nearshore waters during spring snowmelt by moving to deeper water.

Exotic “Gill Lice” Species (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae:SalmincolaSPP.) Infect Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Southeastern United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos F. Ruiz ◽  
Jacob M. Rash ◽  
Doug A. Besler ◽  
Jackson R. Roberts ◽  
Micah B. Warren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Effects of turbidity on prey consumption and growth in brook trout and implications for bioenergetics modeling

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Sweka ◽  
Kyle J Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Turbid Water ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were held in an artificial stream to observe the influence of turbidity on mean daily consumption and specific growth rates. Treatment turbidity levels ranged from clear (<3.0 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) to very turbid water (> 40 NTU). Observed mean daily specific consumption rates were standardized to the mean weight of all brook trout tested. Turbidity had no significant effect on mean daily consumption, but specific growth rates decreased significantly as turbidity increased. Brook trout in turbid water became more active and switched foraging strategies from drift feeding to active searching. This switch was energetically costly and resulted in lower specific growth rates in turbid water as compared with clear water. Bioenergetics simulations were run to compare observed growth with that predicted by the model. Observed growth values fell below those predicted by the model and the difference increased as turbidity increased. Abiotic factors, such as turbidity, which bring about changes in the activity rates of fish, can have implications for the accuracy of predicted growth by bioenergetics models.

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