Retardation and Recovery of Growth in Brook Trout Fry (Salvelinus fontinalis) Exposed for Various Durations to Acidified Water

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2048-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Tam ◽  
P. D. Payson ◽  
R. J. J. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Test Fish ◽  
Neutral Water

Brook trout fry (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to pH 4.66 for various durations up to 141 d and then returned to neutral water. Growth of test fish was in general significantly lower than that of control fish for exposures up to days 45–78. In four of six groups of acid-treated fish, growth eventually recovered and the growth rates were not different from that of control fish. The results suggested that growth inhibition was induced early in the exposure to sublethally low pH and that recovery in the latter phase of the experiment occurred whether pH remained acidic or was readjusted to neutral.

Ambient pH and Calcium Concentration as Modifiers of Growth and Calcium Dynamics of Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1774-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Calcium Dynamics ◽  
Experimental Fish ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
High Calcium

Juvenile brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, were maintained in water of pH 5.3 or 6.5 and calcium concentrations of 5 or 40 mg/L to determine the effects of these factors on fish growth and calcium dynamics. Growth rates varied more than twofold and were significantly reduced by both low ambient calcium concentration and low pH. In contrast, calcium dynamics of the fish were significantly affected by calcium concentration but not pH. Brook trout in low-calcium water retained less labeled dietary calcium and deposited less labeled calcium in axial skeleton and visceral tissues than fish in high-calcium water. Calcium concentrations of the skin and fins were slightly but significantly reduced among fish in low-calcium water, but neither pH nor ambient calcium concentration significantly affected ash content or calcium concentration of axial skeleton and visceral tissues of experimental fish.

Experimental Plantings of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from Furunculosis-Infected Stock

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2643-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. McDermott ◽  
A. H. Berst
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Trout Population ◽  
Hatchery Stock ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
Made In

Preliminary sampling revealed the presence of furunculosis disease in the resident brook trout population of the southern Ontario trout stream used in this study.Two plantings of marked yearling brook trout were made in the study area in 1966; one in the spring, and the other in the fall. The spring planting consisted of 1000 brook trout with a predetermined incidence of furunculosis infection and an equal number of trout with no evidence of infection. The fall planting consisted of 2000 brook trout with a known incidence of furunculosis infection.The stream was electrofished periodically during the 2-year period after the first planting. A total of 445 brook trout (140 of the planted hatchery stock, and 305 resident trout) and 127 fish of associated species were captured and examined for the presence of Aeromonas salmonicida, causative agent of furunculosis.Recovery rates of the "infected" and "noninfected" stocks of brook trout were similar, and there was no evidence of transmission of A. salmonicida from the infected fish to the control fish, nor the resident population of brook trout and other species of fish captured.

Reproduction in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Fed Sublethal Concentrations of DDT

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1787-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Macek
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Major Portion ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Insecticide Residues ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Maximum Utilization

When sexually maturing yearling brook trout were fed for 156 days with DDT at rates that evidently caused no mortality, fish fed at the lower dosages produced more mature ova than untreated fish. Those fed at the highest dosage produced fewer mature ova than untreated fish. The size of the male fish at the end of the feeding period tended to increase according to dosage of DDT. In eggs and sac fry obtained from various mating combinations of gametes from the experimental groups, mortality was with one exception higher when at least one of the gametes came from treated fish than when they both came from untreated fish. A major portion of the mortality of sac fry in groups where the eggs came from treated fish occurred during the 15th week of development. This period coincided with the period of maximum, utilization of yolk fat reported to occur in other salmonid fry, and indicated that insecticide residues in the eggs were released at this time and resulted in the observed mortality. The residue concentrations in the fish at the end of the feeding period were similar to those reported for wild fish.

Response of a Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Population to a Reduction in Stream Benthos Following an Insecticide Treatment

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1387-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Kreutzweiser
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Invertebrate Drift ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Insecticide Treatment ◽  
Forest Stream ◽  
Aquatic Food

A forest stream was treated with permethrin to determine the response of brook trout to a reduction in the aquatic food resource following an insecticide treatment. The treatment resulted in massive invertebrate drift and significant reductions of benthos, but did not produce trout mortality or evidence of unusual behaviour. The density, population age structure, movement patterns, and condition of brook trout were not measurably affected by the permethrin treatment. The growth rates of 0 + and 1 + age-classes were significantly lower following the insecticide application than those of trout from the same age-classes of pretreatment years. This reduction in growth rate resulted in significantly smaller trout after treatment. A significant reduction in the growth of trout collected during the same period from a nearby untreated control stream indicated that unusually high summer temperatures were at least partially, if not entirely, responsible for the reduced growth rate of treated fish. Growth rates returned to or exceeded pretreatment levels by the overwinter period of the treatment year.

Early juvenile bioenergetic differences between anadromous and resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geneviève R Morinville ◽  
Joseph B Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Partial Migration ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Consumption Rates

Many salmonids, including brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), contain both anadromous (migrant) and nonanadromous (resident) forms within a population (partial migration). Although partial migration is commonly observed, the mechanisms governing the adoption of migration or residency are poorly understood. We used field estimates of fish growth coupled with in situ estimates of food consumption rates to demonstrate that a trade-off exists between the ability to efficiently exploit local environments (resident approach) and the capacity to capitalize from large-scale environmental heterogeneity (migrant approach). We demonstrate that in the year before migration, migrant brook trout have consumption rates 1.4 times higher than those of resident brook trout. However, migrants have lower growth efficiencies (ratio of growth to consumption) than residents, indicating that migrants have higher metabolic costs. Residents and migrants also differed in their stable carbon isotope signatures (δ13C), a time-integrated measure that has been linked to habitat use. Fish muscle δ13C of migrants was depleted by 1 ± 0.1‰ compared with that of residents, and this could not be explained by any biases introduced by the time of sampling or the size of fish sampled. Our findings thus agree with the notion that a link exists between metabolic costs (efficiency) and the adopted life-history strategy.

Effects of Aluminum and Low pH on Net Ion Fluxes and Ion Balance in the Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1563-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Booth ◽  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
B. P. Simons ◽  
C. M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Stimulation Of

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed for up to 11 d to one of a matrix of 18 Al, low pH, and Ca2+ combinations, chosen as representive of acidified softwater environments in the wild. Reduction in water pH led to pH-dependent net losses of Na+ and Cl− exacerbated by the presence of Al in the water and reduced by elevating Ca2+. Any animal losing more than 4% of its total body Na+ over the first 24 h of Al exposure had a greater than 90% likelihood of eventual mortality. Na+ losses arose from inhibition of influx and stimulation of efflux. The inhibition was persistent and pH dependent. Addition of Al to acidified water had a slight further inhibitory effect on Na+ influx and a large stimulatory effect on efflux. The latter was dependent on Al concentration, was the main cause of initial ion losses and mortality, and declined with time in surviving animals. All Al-exposed fish accumulated Al on their gills, but this was apparently mainly surface or subsurface bound, since no internal Al (plasma or liver) could be detected. Nonsurviving fish had substantially higher gill Al levels than survivors.

Comparison of Continuous and Episodic Exposure to Acidic, Aluminum-Contaminated Waters of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2036-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth K. Siddens ◽  
Wayne K. Seim ◽  
Lawrence R. Curtis ◽  
Gary A. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Ambient Condition ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Contaminated Waters

This study demonstrated that repetitive, intermittent exposures to aluminum (Al) under acidic conditions produced greater cumulative mortality and lower growth rates of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) than would be extrapolated from continuous exposure experiments. During a 24-d study, exposures were at pH 4.4 or 4.9 with 0.2––1.2 mg Al∙L−1. Data were analyzed based on peak and 24-d mean Al concentrations of continuous and intermittent (2-d toxicant, 4-d ambient condition cycle) exposures. Survival was lower in groups exposed to at pH 4.9 than those at 4.4 when intermittently exposed but not when continuously exposed. Growth rates were less for fish continuously exposed at pH 4.4 compared with those at pH 4.9, while intermittent exposures to Al acidity alone did not affect growth. Fish intermittently exposed to Al at pH 4.4 grew faster than those at pH 4.9, indicating greater Al toxicity at the higher pH.

Nutrient-dependent recovery of Atlantic salmon streams from a catastrophic flood

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1672-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyan Weng ◽  
Nandita Mookerji ◽  
Asit Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Stream Communities ◽  
Periphyton Biomass ◽  
The Impact

The impact of a major flood and recovery of the stream communities under contrasting nutrient conditions were studied in two second-order streams of Sainte-Marguerite River, Quebec. A massive flood during the summer of 1996 caused extensive displacement of the stream substratum and severe reductions in the abundance of all biota: periphyton, benthic invertebrates, juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) (especially in the 0+ age-class). In the postflood recovery phase, nutrient-enriched sections recovered significantly more rapidly than the nonenriched sections. After 1 month, periphyton biomass in the enriched sections had increased to five times that of the preflood levels, and after 2 months, the invertebrate communities had recovered to preflood levels. Fish densities and growth rates also returned to normal levels more rapidly in the enriched sections. Our results suggest that nutrient-rich systems are more resilient to massive disturbances, and so, nutrient enrichment may represent a viable tool for restoring nutrient-limited systems.

Elevated Levels of Arginine Vasotocin in the Brain of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from Acid Lakes: A Field Test of a Potential Biomarker for Acid Stress

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1717-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hontela ◽  
J. B. Rasmussen ◽  
K. Lederis ◽  
H. V. Tra ◽  
G. Chevalier
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Arginine Vasotocin ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Relationship

The levels of arginine vasotocin (AVT), an osmoregulatory peptide, were determined by radioimmunoassay in brain tissue of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) of a wide size range (50–380 mm) from softwater Laurentian lakes ranging in pH from 5.0 to 6.9 at different seasons. Multivariate models (ANCOVA) were developed to quantify the relationship between AVT, pH, body size, and season. Brain AVT levels increased with body size, and the allometric slope was highest in the low-pH lakes (pH 5.0-5.5). Although brook trout > 150 mm had higher brain AVT levels at low pH, no significant differences were detected for brook trout < 150 mm. We hypothesize that the sensitivity of brook trout at the parr stage to acid stress may be linked to their inability to mobilize a hormonal response involving AVT. The seasonal variation in brain AVT levels was similar in all the lakes studied, summer levels being the highest. Although this field study revealed that AVT levels depend also on factors other than acid stress (body size and season), our ANCOVA models allow adjustment for the effects of these covariables. Analyses of this type can be used to field test and calibrate biomarkers for use in ecotoxicology.

Plasma electrolytes, gill aluminum content, and gill morphology of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) indigenous to acidic streams of Nova Scotia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1270-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Lacroix ◽  
D. J. Hood ◽  
C. S. Belfry ◽  
T. G. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Plasma Electrolytes ◽  
Gill Morphology

Plasma electrolytes and gill [Al] were determined and gill morphology and histology were examined in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from feral populations in acidic streams of southwest Nova Scotia. Plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] were lowest in fish from streams with the lowest pH levels, but there were no correlations between plasma [Na+] or [Cl−] and exchangeable [Al] in streams for both species. Gill [Al] increased exponentially with increasing exchangeable [Al] in water, but was less than 100 μg/g dry weight in both species. There were no correlations between plasma [Na+] or [Cl−] and gill [Al] for both species, and plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] were ultimately linked to low pH. Scanning electron microscopy of gills showed normal primary and secondary lamellae, with few signs of fusion or hyperplasia, only a slight amount of mucus, regular chloride cell crypts, and epithelial cells with distinct microridges. Histology of gill sections showed few lesions in the primary lamellae but some focal histologic lesions in the secondary lamellae of greater than 50% of fish, regardless of ambient pH or [Al]. The histopathology included hypertrophy of individual epithelial, mucous, and chloride cells, clubbing of tips of secondary lamellae, and localized epithelial hyperplasia. These features were focal and not comparable to the extensive morphological changes or histologic lesions usually attributed to high [Al] at low pH. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations greater than 5 mg/L in the acidic streams apparently afforded protection against Al effects at concentrations of at least 360 μg total Al/L.

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