Development of Hypoosmoregulatory Capacity in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) Reared under either Continuous Light or Natural Photoperiod

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne M. Arnesen ◽  
Morten Halvorsen ◽  
Kjell J. Nilssen
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Arctic Char ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water

Two groups of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) were reared in freshwater (5–6 °C) under either continuous light (LDL) from first feeding (March) or LDL until July and then natural photoperiod (NDL, 70°N). Direct transfer to seawater (5.5 °C, 35 ppt) in February resulted in both groups exhibiting increases in blood plasma osmolality, Na+, and Mg2+ concentrations and a significant decrease in muscle water content. When tested in May, an improvement in seawater tolerance was evident in both groups. In June, only the NDL fish showed further improvements in hypoosmoregulatory capacity, since they exhibited only minor fluctuations in plasma constituents and muscle water content following direct transfer to seawater. Increased body size could partially explain the improved seawater tolerance in the experimental groups. Acclimation to brackish water prior to transfer to 35 ppt seawater in June improved seawater tolerance only in fish reared under continuous light. The results indicate that the seasonal increase in photoperiod stimulates the development of hypoosmoregulatory capacity whilst the fish are still resident in freshwater.

scholarly journals Metabolic substrates are not mobilized from the osmoregulatory organs (gills and kidney) of the estuarine pufferfishes Sphoeroides greeleyi and S. testudineus upon short-term salinity reduction

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Prodocimo ◽  
Carine F. Souza ◽  
Cristina Pessini ◽  
Luiz Claudio Fernandes ◽  
Carolina A. Freire
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Metabolic Substrates ◽  
Salinity Reduction ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
Cellular Water

The marine-estuarine species of pufferfishes Sphoeroides testudineus and S. greeleyi are very efficient osmoregulators. However, they differ with respect to their tolerance of salinity reduction. During low tide S. testudineus remains in diluted estuarine waters, whereas S. greeleyi returns to seawater (SW). The hypothesis tested here was that the short-term mobilization of metabolic substrates stored in their main osmoregulatory organs would correlate with this differential tolerance. Fishes exposed to 5‰ (for 6 h) were compared to those kept in 35‰. Branchial and renal contents of triglycerides, protein and glycogen were evaluated, and total ATPase activity accounted for the tissues' metabolism. Plasma osmolality, chloride and glucose, hematocrit, and muscle water content were also measured. Total triacylglycerol content was higher in S. greeleyi than in S. testudineus in both salinities and in both organs. Kidney glycogen contents were higher in S. greeleyi than in S. testudineus in 5 and 35‰. Total ATPase activity was reduced in 5‰ when compared to 35‰ in the kidney of S. greeleyi, and was higher in the gills of S. greeleyi than in those of S. testudineus, in both salinities. Upon exposure to dilute SW, both species displayed a similar osmoregulatory pattern: plasma osmolality and chloride were reduced. Again in both species, stability in muscle water content indicated cellular water content control. Although the metabolic substrates stored in the osmoregulatory organs of both species were not mobilized during these short-term sea water dilution events, some differences could be revealed between the two species. S. greeleyi showed more metabolic reserves (essentially triacylglycerols) in these organs, and its gills showed higher total ATPase activity than those S. testudineus.

Annual Variations in Rheotactic Behaviour and Seawater Adaptability in Landlocked Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus)

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Arctic Char ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Seawater Challenge

The existence of basic smoltification characteristics, measured by means of seasonal changes in rheotactic behaviour and seawater adaptability, was studied from February to November in 1- and 2-yr-old landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). Up- and downstream directed movements were monitored in an annular stream tank at a water velocity of 0.2 m/s. A 48-h seawater challenge test using 25‰ seawater was performed at monthly intervals throughout the year to assess seawater adaptability. The 1-yr-old char displayed mainly nondirectional behaviour during spring, but from August onwards the movements were predominantly against the current. Seawater performance improved slightly in this group in May and June. The 2-yr-old char progressively developed a downstream behaviour and exhibited an increased seawater adaptability during spring and early summer. In late August, a marked reversal in rheotactic behaviour occurred, followed by a rapid decrease in seawater tolerance. The results demonstrate that seasonal changes in seawater adaptability and changes in migratory behaviour which were directionally consistent with smolting still exist in a population of Arctic char that has been landlocked for about 6000 yr.

Effect of method of sale and various water regimens at saleyards on the liveweight, carcass traits and muscle properties of cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (122) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wythes ◽  
MJ Brown ◽  
WR Shorthose ◽  
MR Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Water Contents

In two experiments, we examined the effects on liveweight, carcass traits and muscle properties of (a) sending cattle to the abattoir either direct from a farm or via a saleyard, and (b) different curfew and sale procedures at a saleyard. During the 12 h curfew and 10 h sale periods, cattle were held with or without water, but always denied feed. In experiment 1, after a journey of 1320 km, 252 bullocks (mean liveweight 558 kg) were subjected to one of seven treatments. The groups transported direct to the abattoir were (1) denied water between arrival and slaughter (26 h), (2) offered water for 26 h, or (3) offered water and feed for 50 h and then water alone for 24 h. Those sent to the saleyard were given access to water (4) at all times, (5) only during the curfew and sale periods, (6) only before the curfew began, or (7) were denied water until after the sale, when all groups were offered water for 36 h until slaughter. Among the bullocks sent direct to the abattoir, the group with water for 26 h until slaughter had heavier (P< 0.0 1 ) carcasses than those denied water (331 kg vs 312 kg) and also a greater (P < 0.0 1) muscle water content, while the carcasses of the group slaughtered 2 d later were intermediate for both. Whether dressing percentages were calculated on liveweights at the start or end of the simulated sale for the four saleyard groups, the differences in mean dressing percentages between groups offered water (0.7 and 0.3 percentage units) were less than the differences between the means of the groups denied water (3.7 and 3.5 units). The increases in dressing percentage during the sale for groups with water (0.7 and 0.3 units) were less than those for the groups denied water (1.5 and 1.7 units). Differences in mean liveweights and mean muscle water contents between groups followed the same trends. Mean carcass weights did not differ significantly between saleyard groups (318-323 kg). In experiment 2, after a journey of 90 km, 152 cows (mean liveweight 323 kg) were subjected to one of four treatments. The group going direct to the abattoir was offered water for 4.5 h, fasted for 16 h and then slaughtered. For the other three groups, the saleyard treatments 4,6, or 7 of experiment 1were imposed, followed by 21 h on water and a 16 h pre-slaughter fast. Trends in dressing percentage and liveweight were similar to those recorded in experiment 1. Mean carcass weight varied (P<0. 05) between groups and tended to increase with muscle water content. Method of sale was important because it affected the time from mustering to slaughter, and thus, carcass weight. At saleyards, the practice of giving cattle continuous access to water reduced significantly the variation in liveweight, dressing percentage and muscle water content between groups with similar initial liveweights. This practice at abattoirs avoided dehydration of carcass tissues at slaughter

Running-induced muscle injury and myocellular enzyme release in rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 2299-2304 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Komulainen ◽  
J. Kytola ◽  
V. Vihko
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Enzyme Release ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Downhill Running ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
Exercise Induced

The relationships and time course of exercise-induced muscle damage, estimated by beta-glucuronidase activity and microscopy, to muscle swelling, estimated by muscle water content and microscopy, and to the serum activity of creatine kinase (CK) and the concentration of carbonic anhydrase III were studied in rats 2, 12, 48, and 96 h after 90 min of intermittent running uphill (+13.5 degrees) or downhill (-13.5 degrees) at a speed of 17 m/min. The injury was more pronounced in soleus after uphill running and in the red parts of quadriceps femoris and in the white part of vastus lateralis after downhill running, whereas triceps brachii was not damaged. Increase in muscle water content preceded the increase of beta-glucuronidase activity. Both running protocols similarly increased serum CK 2 h postexercise. After downhill running a second peak in serum CK was observed 48 h later. The CK changes were not in concert with the changes in muscle water content or beta-glucuronidase activity, suggesting that these responses may not be mechanistically (or causally) related.

Physiological tools to predict invasiveness and spread via estuarine bridges: tolerance of Brazilian native and worldwide introduced freshwater fishes to increased salinity

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Maria Millan Gutierre ◽  
Jean Ricardo Simões Vitule ◽  
Carolina Arruda Freire ◽  
Viviane Prodocimo
Keyword(s):  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Salinity Increase ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
High Degree

Non-native freshwater fishes may spread via estuaries, invading nearby basins. The Brazilian natives Rhamdia quelen and Geophagus brasiliensis, and the worldwide introduced Clarias gariepinus, Ictalurus punctatus, Oreochromis niloticus and Cyprinus carpio were acutely exposed (6 h) to salinities 15 and 30. Hypothetically, the introduced species display greater physiological plasticity than do the natives. Exposure to salinity 30 was lethal after 1.5–3 h to all species except for O. niloticus and G. brasiliensis. Increase in plasma osmolality was inversely related to muscle water content, mainly in salinity 30 for all species. R. quelen and C. gariepinus displayed increased expression of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) on salinity increase; differently, I. punctatus, O. niloticus and C. carpio showed high constitutive levels already in freshwater. Species with high constitutive expression of HSP and/or high degree of euryhalinity (cichlids) could potentially use estuaries as bridges, especially through areas of salinity <15.

Difference in the Seawater Tolerance of Anadromous and Landlocked Populations of Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus)

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magne Staurnes ◽  
Trygve Sigholt ◽  
Grete Lysfjord ◽  
Odd A. Gulseth
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Light Regime ◽  
Arctic Char ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Challenge Tests ◽  
Seawater Challenge

The seawater tolerance of juvenile fish from an anadromous and a landlocked population of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), reared in freshwater under a constant light regime, was compared by making repeated seawater challenge tests from one summer to the next. Fish from the landlocked population had higher mortality rates and higher blood plasma Na+ concentrations after transfer to seawater than those from the anadromous population. The gill Na-K-ATPase activity of the landlocked fish was lower than that of the anadromous fish. For both populations, the smallest fish showed the lowest seawater tolerance, but hypoosmoregulatory ability was independent of fish size for fish larger than about 60 g. By June of the second summer, fish from the anadromous, but not those from the landlocked population, developed seawater tolerance 10 d after transfer to seawater. This increase in hypoosmoregulatory ability was accompanied by a doubling of the gill Na-K-ATPase activity.

scholarly journals Solute and Water Balance in the Muscle Fibres of the East African Fresh-Water Crab, Potamon Niloticus (M. Edw.)

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
East African ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Normal Composition ◽  
Muscle Water

1. An account is given of the normal composition of the muscle fibres of the fresh-water crab, Potamon niloticus. 2. The effect of various dilutions of sea water is considered in relation to the concentrations of a number of the muscle constituents. 3. The water content of the muscle decreases as the blood concentration is increased, but at the higher concentrations the muscle dehydration is not so extensive as expected. There is evidence of a small addition of osmotically active substances to the muscle. 4. Potassium and muscle phosphate compounds behave passively and their concentrations are determined by the muscle water content. 5. The concentration of free amino acids and related compounds may be increased beyond that due to water loss. The addition of these substances to the muscle is not greater than 50-90 mM./kg. water. 6. Sodium enters the muscle when the blood sodium concentration is increased. At blood concentrations not exceeding 450 mM./l. sodium probably only penetrates into a freely exchanging region of the fibre: at higher concentrations sodium may penetrate into the fibre interior. 7. These results are discussed in relation to the adaptability of the cell to increased blood concentrations.

scholarly journals Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Muscle Water Content in Obese Middle-Age Men

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 822-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO MORA-RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
ALICIA SANCHEZ-RONCERO ◽  
VALENTIN EMILIO FERNÁNDEZ-ELÍAS ◽  
AMELIA GUADALUPE-GRAU ◽  
JUAN FERNANDO ORTEGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water

scholarly journals Water acidification causes death of marine ornamental fish (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) during transport: contributing to the conservation of wild populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Flavia D.F. Sampaio ◽  
Helena C. Silva-de-Assis ◽  
Franciele L. Bettim ◽  
Luís F. Fávaro ◽  
Carolina A. Freire
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water

Pomacentridae is a common family in the aquarium fish trade. Most species are harvested from nature. Here we evaluate the following water parameters in the pomacentrid sergeant major, Abudefdufsaxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758), to assess their stress level during a 24, 48, and 72 hours transport: dissolved oxygen (DO), total ammonia, and pH. In addition, we evaluated the following physiological parameters: plasma osmolality, muscle water content, blood glucose, and the enzyme activities of the branchial carbonic anhydrase (CA), the hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The mortality of fish measuring &gt;6 cm total length was 22%, while no mortality was observed for fish measuring &lt;6 cm. The pH of the water was significantly correlated with fish mortality, especially for the initial 24 hours of transport. Hypoxia after 24–48 hours also led to fish mortality, but build up ammonia was not a problem even after 72 hours. We suggest that a minimum water volume of 125 ml/g fish is necessary for safe and cost-effective transport of the sergeant major, preferably with &lt;6 cm in total length.

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