Smolt-to-AduIt Survival Patterns of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): Effects of Smolt Length and Geographic Latitude when Entering the Sea

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery P. Koenings ◽  
Harold J. Geiger ◽  
James J. Hasbrouck
Keyword(s):  
Nonparametric Regression ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Geographic Latitude ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Lake Outlet ◽  
The Common ◽  
Survival Patterns

Variations in smolt-to-adult survival (SAS) of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) relative to smolt length and age and latitude of the nursery lake outlet were explored for six stocks in Canada, Russia, and Alaska (W. E. Ricker. 1962. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 19: 531–560) and 12 Alaskan populations. SAS values ranged from <1 to 68% for age 1., 2., and 3. smolt populations of 54–200 mm in mean length. The common pattern underlying the SAS to smolt size relationship, determined by nonparametric regression (loess), was nonlinear with functionally distinct zones. SAS of smaller smolts increased (0.3–0.5 (%) SAS∙mm−1) with size, but SAS of smolts >90–100 mm (6–8 g) did not. Variation in SAS was explained by smolt size (30%) and a south to north dine of nursery lakes (21%) indexed by latitude. SAS of about 3 and 13% for threshold-sized age 1. smolts (60–65 mm) from southern and northern nursery lakes were consistent with sockeye biostandards for Canada (4.7%) and Alaska (12%), respectively. The combined effects of latitude and smolt length on SAS resulted in larger smolts at higher (>60°N) latitudes having seven times the SAS of smaller smolts at lower (<55°N) latitudes.

Establishment of Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) Salmon Runs at Frazer Lake, Kodiak Island, Alaska

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1265-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Blackett
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Enhancement Technique ◽  
Kodiak Island ◽  
Lake Outlet ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Salmon Fisheries ◽  
History Of

Runs of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) were established at Frazer Lake, Kodiak Island, Alaska by adult spawner transplants, fry plants, and eyed-egg plants. Falls in the lake outlet formed a barrier to natural ascent of anadromous fish until construction of a fishpass in 1962. Accounts of successful introduction and development of viable and self-sustaining runs of salmon where none previously existed and the lake was inaccessible are scarce in the history of salmon fisheries on the Pacific Coast. The first sockeye returning to Frazer Lake in 1956 were produced from egg plants in 1951. Annual sockeye returns have progressively increased over a 28-yr period reaching record passage of 141 981 in 1978. Sockeye spawning has extended into new areas as returns increased. Spawning area capacity is projected to be sufficient for 365 000 sockeye while rearing area is estimated to be sufficient to support fry production from 400 000 sockeye. Sockeye returns per spawner have averaged 3.2 for six parent years (1966–71) in which returns are complete. A chinook run was created from plants of 160 000 fry over a 4-yr period beginning in 1966. Chinook have returned to spawn in specific sites of fry release above the falls and in the lower river. Key words: salmon introduction, enhancement technique, sockeye, chinook, Frazer Lake, salmon establishment

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) nursery lake fertilization: Review and summary of results

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
K D Hyatt ◽  
D J McQueen ◽  
K S Shortreed ◽  
D P Rankin
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Marine Survival ◽  
Lake Fertilization

We reviewed 24 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) nursery lake experiments that involved whole-lake fertilization with appropriate treatment and control years. We found that: 21 of 21 studies showed that fertilization was associated with increased chlorophyll a concentrations, 16 of 16 showed increased zooplankton biomasses, 16 of 16 demonstrated increased average smolt weights, and 11 of 13 showed increased smolt biomasses. Studies involving assessments of egg-to-smolt survival were rare, but all (4 of 4) showed increased survival rates. Studies involving increased smolt-to-adult survival (i.e., marine survival) were even rarer, but all (3 of 3) showed that lake fertilization and increased smolt size were associated with increased marine survival. Several fertilization studies reported problems, and some offered solutions. For instance, when whole-lake fertilization stimulated the growth of blue-green algae, fertilizer with higher nitrogen to phosphorus ratios was used to control the problem. Conversely, when high nitrogen to phosphorus ratios were associated with blooms of ungrazable diatoms, notably Rhizosolenia eriensis, reduced nitrate concentrations were recommended. To date, solutions designed to constrain the growth of both blue-green algae and Rhizosolenia blooms remain elusive. Some studies showed that when both mysids (large invertebrate planktivores) and juvenile sockeye inhabit the same lake, sockeye suffer from a competitive disadvantage and mysids consume 80–90% of the available zooplanktonic food production. Similarly, a small number of studies demonstrated that competition from sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) adversely affected sockeye growth rates, and although the problem remains unresolved, ongoing work in lakes containing kokanee (O. nerka), suggests that stocked cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) may be capable of controlling stickleback densities through predation. Despite all of these difficulties, in almost all cases, when lakes were fertilized with various mixtures of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, pelagic food web bottom-up control was strong enough and predictable enough to ensure that sockeye smolt biomass increased. We conclude that sockeye nursery lake fertilization is a technique that can contribute usefully to both the enhancement and conservation of sockeye salmon populations. Key words: sockeye salmon, lake fertilization, bottom-up, aquatic food web.

Effect of Smolt Size on Smolt-to-Adult Survival for Chilko Lake Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 988-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Henderson ◽  
A. J. Cass
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Interannual Variation ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
Limited Variation ◽  
Back Calculation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Calculation Procedures

Three approaches were used to test the hypothesis that smolt-to-adult survival is independent of smolt size for Chilko Lake sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). The mean distance between the focus of the scale and the first annulus, a reliable indicator of smolt size, was greater for adult scales than for smolt scales from the same brood year in two of the three years we examined. This indicated a higher smolt-to-adult survival for larger smolts in these brood years. The abundance of smolts of different fork lengths, based on back-calculation procedures from adult scales, was compared with the abundance of smolts of different fork lengths at the time of outmigration within brood years. In all three years studied, there was a two- to threefold increase in smolt-to-adult survival as smolt length increased. However, there was no significant relationship between smolt-to-adult survival and mean annual smolt fork length based on a 34-yr time series; this lack of relationship was probably caused by limited variation in mean annual smolt fork length over the 34-yr period and other variables, independent of smolt size, that affect survival and exhibit considerable interannual variation.

Resumption of anadromy or straying? Origins of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Elwha River

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Quinn ◽  
George R. Pess ◽  
Ben J.G. Sutherland ◽  
Samuel J. Brenkman ◽  
Ruth E. Withler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Elwha River

Alternative Recruitment Models of Adams River Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1551-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S. Collie ◽  
Carl J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Ricker Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
High Yields

Despite evidence of depensatory interactions among year-classes of Adams River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), the best management policy is one of equal escapement for all year-classes. We fit alternative models (Ricker model and Larkin model) to 32 yr of stock–recruitment data and checked, using simulation tests, that the significant interaction terms in the Larkin model are not caused by biases in estimating the parameters. We identified a parameter set (Rationalizer model) for which the status quo cyclic escapement policy is optimal, but this set fits the observed data very poorly. Thus it is quite unlikely that the Rationalizer model is correct or that the status quo escapement policy is optimal. Using the fitted stock–recruitment parameters, we simulated the sockeye population under several management policies. The escapement policy optimal under the Ricker model is best overall because of the high yields if it should be correct. If the three stock–recruitment models are equally likely to be correct, the simulations predict that adopting a constant-escapement policy would increase long-term yield 30% over the current policy and that an additional 15% increase in yield could be obtained if the policy were actively adaptive.

Reduced growth in wild juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka infected with sea lice

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Godwin ◽  
L. M. Dill ◽  
M. Krkošek ◽  
M. H. H. Price ◽  
J. D. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Sea Lice

Interspecific differences in the distribution of adult and juvenile ponyfish (Leiognathidae) in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Staunton-Smith ◽  
S. J. M. Blaber ◽  
J. G. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Linear Increase ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Nursery Areas ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Coastal Species ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Coexisting Species

The distribution of leiognathids was investigated at 261 sites spread throughout the Gulf of Carpentaria. Eight species, Gazza minuta, Leiognathus decorus, L. equulus, L. fasciatus, L. leuciscus, L. smithursti, L. splendens and Secutor ruconius, were usually restricted to coastal areas, whereas four species, L. bindus, L. moretoniensis, Leiognathus sp. and S. insidiator, were not. Two other species, L. aureus and L. elongatus, were caught at only one site each. The relationships between size of fish and depth in Albatross Bay were investigated by examining the mean weight and minimum and maximum lengths of different species in 356 trawls. Six of the coastal species showed the common pattern of linear increase in size with depth. This pattern is consistent with the existence of estuarine and/or inshore nursery areas, and supports previous observations of these species. In contrast, three of the widespread species exhibited approximately quadratic relationships between size and depth. This unusual pattern resulted from small fish living in both the shallow inshore areas and deeper offshore areas, and it may reduce competition among the juveniles of the large number of very abundant, coexisting species of leiognathid.

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