Lateral asymmetry of paw usage: phenotypic survey of constitutive and experience-conditioned paw-usage behaviours among common strains of the mouse

Genome ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred G Biddle ◽  
Brenda A Eales
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Test Chamber ◽  
Test Sequence ◽  
Lateral Asymmetry ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Conditioned Behaviour ◽  
The Right

Left-right direction of paw usage in the mouse is defined by the right-paw entry (RPE) score, which is the number of reaches with the right paw to retrieve food from a small food tube in a total of 50 right- and left-paw reaches. Two qualitatively different paw-usage behaviours can be identified by the difference in the RPE scores from naive mice in left- or right-biased test chambers and their retest, 1 week later, in the opposite-biased test chamber. In mice with constitutive paw usage, the RPE score may respond to the direction of a biased test chamber, but it returns to the value that is expected for naive mice in the opposite-biased test chamber. In mice with experience-conditioned paw usage, the RPE score responds to the direction of a biased test chamber and does not return to its expected value in the opposite-biased test chamber. In this report, we document the alternate paw usage behaviours in an extended phenotypic survey of different strains that will be useful for its genetic analysis. We also validate an alternate biometrical method to identify constitutive and experience-conditioned paw usage that is based on the mean average RPE score from the biased test and opposite-biased retest of individual mice. This alternate biometrical method demonstrated that, in some strains with experience-conditioned paw usage, there may be asymmetry or an interaction between genotype and the direction of the test sequence. In addition, the strain survey demonstrated that the qualitative difference between constitutive and experience-conditioned paw usage is independent of the well-known quantitative difference in the degree of lateralization of preferred-paw usage.Key words: mouse, lateral asymmetry of paw usage, left and right handedness, behavioural genetics, constitutive behaviour, experience-conditioned behaviour.

Mouse genetic model for left-right hand usage: Context, direction, norms of reaction, and memory

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred G Biddle ◽  
Brenda A Eales
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Model ◽  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Test Chamber ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Left Right Asymmetry ◽  
Conditioned Behaviour ◽  
The Right

Asymmetry of paw usage in the laboratory mouse is an experimental model for left-right asymmetry of hand usage. Given a set number of reaches into a centrally placed food tube (an unbiased or U-world test), individual mice exhibit a number of left and right paw reaches that is reliably expressed on retesting. Whereas different inbred strains appear to have equal numbers of individual mice with a left- or a right-preferred paw after a U-world test, there are significant differences among strains in the degree or strength of lateralization of the preferred paw. We report here a systematic series of tests of paw usage with naive mice and retests of the individuals in test chambers with the food tube biased to the left or to the right, contrasting the highly lateralized C57BL/6J and the very weakly lateralized (or ambilateral) CDS/Lay inbred strains and their (B6 × CDS) F1 generation. The results caused a shift in the paradigm of paw usage. There is an unexpected qualitative difference in paw usage between C57BL/6J and CDS/Lay. C57BL/6J is random in its left-right paw usage, but it is conditioned by the left or right direction of the initial biased-world test and by usage. CDS/Lay is constitutively equal-pawed, responds very little to direction of the test chamber, and is not conditioned by it. The probability of left-paw versus right-paw usage depends on both the genotype and the context of the test. The (B6 × CDS) F1 generation suggests that constitutive equal-paw usage of CDS/Lay is dominant to experience-conditioned paw usage of C57BL/6J. There is also an apparent quantitative difference between the very weakly lateralized (ambilateral) preferred paw usage in CDS/Lay and the highly lateralized preferred paw usage in C57BL/6J. The difference in degree of lateralization of preferred paw usage between the constitutively equal-pawed CDS/Lay strain and (B6 × CDS) F1 generation must originate from allelic differences at other gene loci between the CDS/Lay and C57BL/6J parental strains. The SWV and NOD/Lt strains were also assessed in asymmetrical tests because they were known to be weakly lateralized and similar to each other in a U-world test and to be significantly different from both C57BL/6J and CDS/Lay. SWV is experience-conditioned and weakly lateralized; NOD/Lt is constitutively equal-pawed and weakly lateralized. Further analysis will determine the genetic cause of the qualitative difference between constitutive equal-paw and experience-conditioned paw usage and the genetic cause of the quantitative differences in degree of lateralization of the preferred paw within each type of paw usage.Key words: mouse, left-right handedness, behavioural genetics, phenotypic reaction norms, constitutive behaviour, experience-conditioned behaviour, memory.

Functional Asymmetry in Body Perception and Ocular Dominance: A Study of Their Interactions

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 903-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vezio Ruggieri ◽  
Chiara Bergerone ◽  
Alberto Cei ◽  
Carla Valeri
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Functional Asymmetry ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Perceptual Error ◽  
Interesting Connection ◽  
Undergraduate Female ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The relationships between ocular dominance and body perception (for the left and right body halves) were examined for 41 undergraduate female psychology students. The results indicate an interesting connection between the two phenomena. The four groups of subjects classified on the basis of ocular dominance (right, left, fluctuating and no dominance) showed statistically significant differences on one aspect of body perception, measured by the ‘Difference Deviation Scores.’ Also three groups of subjects classified on the basis of body perception (subjects with major perceptual error on the left or on the right, and subjects showing no difference in perception of the two body halves) showed statistically significant differences in ocular dominance.

Effects of Stimulus Material on the Dichotic Listening Performance of Aphasic Patients

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Niccum ◽  
Alan B. Rubens ◽  
Charles Speaks
Keyword(s):  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
Nonsense Syllable ◽  
Radiographic Evidence ◽  
Word Test ◽  
Temporal System ◽  
Listening Tests ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Sixteen aphasic patients were given five different verbal dichotic listening tests. The differences among results obtained on digit test, a high-contrast word test (perception of either vocalic or consonantal information was sufficient for accurate responses), and a vowel-word test (perception of vocalic information was required for accurate responses) were not significant. However, a consonant-word test resulted in significant decreases in both left- and right-ear scores and an increase in the difference in accuracy for the two ears. A consonant-vowel nonsense-syllable test produced further dramatic reductions in performance levels, and the magnitude of difference scores between ears was limited by low levels of performanse for the majority of patients. Attempts to identify relations between patterns of performance on dichotic listening tests and radiographic evidence of lesion location were most profitable when they involved the right-ear (RE) scores on the digit test. The discontinuity in the distribution of these scores corresponded to the presence or absence of damage to the geniculo-temporal system. That is, when the geniculo-temporal system was spared, the RE scores exceeded 75% correct, whereas damage to the geniculo-temporal system was associated with RE scores of less than 50% correct.

Extradural spinal angiolipoma associated with bone lysis in a dog

1998 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Reif ◽  
CT Lowrie ◽  
SD Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Spinal Tumor ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bone Lysis ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

An extradural spinal tumor was diagnosed in a 12-year-old Labrador retriever that was presented with a one-week history of paraparesis. Myelography indicated a deviation of the spinal cord to the right side at the level of the second lumbar (L2) vertebra. The difference in length measuring the left and right sides of the L2 vertebra suggested a fracture of the vertebral body. Severe bone remodeling and an extradural mass were seen on computed tomography (CT). Clinical, radiographical, and histological findings are described and considered homologous to extradural angiolipomas described in the human literature.

scholarly journals Distinct Physiological Mechanisms Induce Latitudinal and Sexual Differences in the Photoperiodic Induction of Diapause in a Fly

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koki Yamaguchi ◽  
Shin G. Goto
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Latitudinal Cline ◽  
Photoperiodic Induction ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Strains

Many temperate insects enter diapause (dormancy) for overwintering in response to short days (long nights). A latitudinal cline in the critical day lengths for the photoperiodic induction of diapause has been reported in various insect species. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying this cline have remained elusive. We approached this issue in the flesh fly Sarcophaga similis, in which the photoperiodic time measurement system meets the “external coincidence model.” In this model, measuring day lengths depends on whether the photoinducible phase (φi), determined by a circadian clock, is exposed to light or not. First, we detected a clear latitudinal cline in the critical day lengths of flies collected from 4 localities at different latitudes. The phase positions of the φi, which can be verified by night interruption photoperiods, also showed a clear latitudinal cline. This result supports the hypothesis that the latitudinal cline in the critical day length is produced by the difference in the phase positions of the φi among different strains. A sexual difference in the critical day length for photoperiodic induction has also been detected in various species. In this study, a sexual difference in the critical day length was observed in the southern strains but there was no sexual difference in the phase positions of the φi. This result indicates that both sexes measure photoperiods in the same manner. Males are less sensitive than females to the light pulse given at the φi, suggesting a quantitative difference in the photoperiodic time measurement and counter systems. This study clearly reveals that distinct mechanisms induce latitudinal and sexual differences in the critical day length for the photoperiodic induction of diapause in a fly.

Synchronization Error in Bilateral Simultaneous Flexion of Elbows

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nakamura ◽  
R. Taniguchi ◽  
Y. Oshima
Keyword(s):  
Warning Signal ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
Synchronization Error ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Synchronization Errors ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Using 7 left- and 7 right-handed subjects, the difference in time between left and right arms in the initiation of bilateral simultaneous flexion of elbows (synchronization error) was measured under three conditions: response to a sound stimulus with a warning signal, response to a sound stimulus without a warning signal, and self-initiated trial (option). The absolute value of synchronization errors depended upon experimental conditions. In conditions ‘with warning’ and ‘option’ the dominance shown in performance of left-handed subjects was the mirror-image of that shown by the right-handed subjects. The right biceps muscle responded faster in left-handed subjects and vice versa. Right-handed subjects showed rather a constant value in their dispersion of synchronization errors.

scholarly journals Canine hip extension range during gait

2008 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Van der Walt ◽  
A.V. Stewart ◽  
K.E. Joubert ◽  
P. Bekker
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Hip Motion ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Hip Extension

Assessment of canine gait is frequently used by veterinary clinicians to establish the presence of orthopaedic pain. As up to 30 % of canine orthopaedic conditions affect the pelvic limb, knowledge of pelvic limb biomechanics during gait is very important. Previous studies have investigated the biomechanics at the tarsus and stifle, but little information is available regarding hip motion during gait. The aim of this study was to determine the maximum hip extension range achieved during the stance phase of gait in normal canines. In addition, this study aimed to determine the difference between maximum passive hip extension and maximum hip extension during gait. Using a sample of 30 morphologically similar normal dogs, mean maximum passive hip extension was measured using a goniometer and mean maximum hip extension range during gait was determined videographically. Inter- and intra-assessor reliability studies performed at the start of the study showed that the measurement tools and techniques used in this study were valid and reliable. The goniometric data showed that mean maximum passive hip extension range was 162.44° (±3.94) with no significant difference between the left and the right hind limbs. The videographic data showed that mean maximum hip extension range during gait was 119.97° (±9.26) with no significant difference between the left and right hind limbs. The results of this study provided reference values for active and passive hip extension range and showed that the degree of hip extension range required for normal gait is significantly less than maximum passive hip extension range.

scholarly journals Intima-Media Thickness Measurements of the Common Carotid Artery in Patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kobra Nasrollahi ◽  
Amirhossein Farahi ◽  
Fatemeh Paknazar ◽  
Mohamadreza Akhlaghi ◽  
Farhad Fazel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Media Thickness ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Control Study

Purpose. To evaluate the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the left and right common carotid arteries (CCA) as an indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Methods. This was a case-control study involving patients with CSCR and a matched healthy control group. The mean and difference of the left and right CCA IMT were determined and compared between the two groups using carotid duplex high-resolution B-mode ultrasound equipment. Results. The study enrolled 32 CSCR patients (68.8% female, mean age 38.22 ± 5.42 years) and 32 controls (65.6% female, mean age 39.56 ± 5.33 years). The difference in common carotid IMT between the right and left sides was significantly greater in the CSCR group than in the control group ( p < 0.001 ). Additionally, according to logistic regression analysis, patients with CSCR had a greater chance of having differences in IMT between the two sides when compared to the control group (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.09–1.52). Conclusion. Our findings indicated that in the CSCR group, the difference between the right and left sides of CCA IMT was significantly greater than in the control group.

scholarly journals Measurement of the Mammary Gland Cistern of Dairy Ewes

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-961
Author(s):  
Pavol Makovický ◽  
Melinda Nagy ◽  
Milan Margetín ◽  
Janka Poráčová ◽  
Michal Milerski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Dairy Ewes ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Data Length

At the 3rd and 5th month of lactation, using the ALOKA‑250 ultrasonograph with a 3.5 MHz probe, the udder cistern size of the breed Improved Valachian (IV) and the crossbreed IV x Lacaune (IV x LC) was surveyed. Using the method from side 72 ewes were measured, in which the probe was placed in the inguinal‑abdominal fold. Variance analysis was used to evaluate the obtained data (length, width and udder cistern area), taking into account the effect of the genotype, stage of lactation and lactation order. The average length, width and area of the left udder cistern (LUC) was 80.72 mm; 33.53 mm and 1907 mm2; for the right udder cistern (RUC) 79.44 mm; 33.01 mm and 1851 mm2. The genotype had a statistically significant effect on the LUC as well as the RUC size (P < 0.05 to 0.001). The LUC area of the IV x LC ewes was 32.7% bigger than at IV (2175 mm2 and 1639 mm2, respectively), and the difference of the RUC was up to 51% in favour of the crossbreed (2227 mm2 and 1475 mm2, respectively). This may be due to laterality, the natural asymmetry found in many mammals. The variability in the observed variables of the left and right udder cisterns was greater in crossbreeds than in the purebred IV ewes.

Different pattern of auditory processing lateralization in musicians and non-musicians

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-119
Author(s):  
Anna Krzyżak
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Binaural Processing ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
External Stimuli

The aim of the study was an evaluation of different pattern of auditory processing lateralization in musicians and non-musicians. 41 people aged 20-46 participated in the experiment, from which two research groups were selected: musicians ‒ instrumentalists professionally active (N: 21) and non-musicians (N: 20). All of them were right-handed. The dichotic listening test (Kurkowski 2007) was used to assess the laterality of external stimuli. The examination showed the superiority of right-ear perception or binaural speech processing. In the study of non-focused attention, musicians achieved a similar rate of correct responses for the left and right ear, which indicates binaural processing, where they gave more correct responses for the left ear and fewer correct responses for the right ear than non-musicians. The difference between the groups is statistically significant. In the study focused on the right ear, both groups obtained similar high scores. In the left-ear study the musicians gave more correct responses from the perception of stimuli to the left ear than non-musicians. This research confirmed different pattern of auditory processing lateralization in musicians and non-musicians.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document