Lethal P-lacZ insertion lines expressed during pattern respecification in the imaginal discs of Drosophila

Genome ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Russell ◽  
L Ostafichuk ◽  
S Scanga
Keyword(s):  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Distinct Lineage

The imaginal discs of Drosophila are a useful experimental system in which we can study the origin and genetic determination of spatial patterns in development. This involves the separation of the disc-cell population into distinct lineage compartments, based on clonally transmitted expression states of a number of known selector genes. However, these commitments can be abrogated and the compartment boundaries redeployed, when repatterning occurs in cultured disc fragments. This has so far only been explained using the idea of positional information. The genetic basis of this property of the imaginal disc system and its relationship to compartments have not been identified. Here we have screened over 470 recessive lethal P-lacZ enhancer-trap insertions from the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project for expression after cell death, which initiates pattern respecification in the imaginal discs. The positive lines obtained identify essential genes that may be important for pattern formation. Most show patterned imaginal disc expression, and many have maternal or zygotic effects on embryonic development. One is an allele of schnurri, a gene that encodes a component of the decapentaplegic (dpp) signal transduction pathway used for positional signalling in the embryo and in imaginal discs.

AnnoFly: annotating Drosophila embryonic images based on an attention-enhanced RNN model

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (16) ◽  
pp. 2834-2842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Mingyu Zhou ◽  
Qingwei Fang ◽  
Hong-Bin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Image Annotation ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Single Instance ◽  
Temporal Expression Pattern

Abstract Motivation In the post-genomic era, image-based transcriptomics have received huge attention, because the visualization of gene expression distribution is able to reveal spatial and temporal expression pattern, which is significantly important for understanding biological mechanisms. The Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project has collected a large-scale spatial gene expression database for studying Drosophila embryogenesis. Given the expression images, how to annotate them for the study of Drosophila embryonic development is the next urgent task. In order to speed up the labor-intensive labeling work, automatic tools are highly desired. However, conventional image annotation tools are not applicable here, because the labeling is at the gene-level rather than the image-level, where each gene is represented by a bag of multiple related images, showing a multi-instance phenomenon, and the image quality varies by image orientations and experiment batches. Moreover, different local regions of an image correspond to different CV annotation terms, i.e. an image has multiple labels. Designing an accurate annotation tool in such a multi-instance multi-label scenario is a very challenging task. Results To address these challenges, we develop a new annotator for the fruit fly embryonic images, called AnnoFly. Driven by an attention-enhanced RNN model, it can weight images of different qualities, so as to focus on the most informative image patterns. We assess the new model on three standard datasets. The experimental results reveal that the attention-based model provides a transparent approach for identifying the important images for labeling, and it substantially enhances the accuracy compared with the existing annotation methods, including both single-instance and multi-instance learning methods. Availability and implementation http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/annofly/ Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

scholarly journals Zygotic Lethal Mutations With Maternal Effect Phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Loci on the Second and Third Chromosomes Identified by P-Element-Induced Mutations

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 1681-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Perrimon ◽  
Anne Lanjuin ◽  
Charles Arnold ◽  
Elizabeth Noll
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
P Element ◽  
Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Egg Formation ◽  
Normal Embryonic Development

Screens for zygotic lethal mutations that are associated with specific maternal effect lethal phenotypes have only been conducted for the X chromosome. To identify loci on the autosomes, which represent four-fifths of the Drosophila genome, we have used the autosomal “FLP-DFS” technique to screen a collection of 496 P element-induced mutations established by the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project. We have identified 64 new loci whose gene products are required for proper egg formation or normal embryonic development.

scholarly journals The Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project Gene Disruption Project: Single P-Element Insertions Mutating 25% of Vital Drosophila Genes

Genetics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan C Spradling ◽  
Dianne Stern ◽  
Amy Beaton ◽  
E Jay Rhem ◽  
Todd Laverty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Disruption ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
P Element ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
P Elements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reading Frames

AbstractA fundamental goal of genetics and functional genomics is to identify and mutate every gene in model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster. The Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project (BDGP) gene disruption project generates single P-element insertion strains that each mutate unique genomic open reading frames. Such strains strongly facilitate further genetic and molecular studies of the disrupted loci, but it has remained unclear if P elements can be used to mutate all Drosophila genes. We now report that the primary collection has grown to contain 1045 strains that disrupt more than 25% of the estimated 3600 Drosophila genes that are essential for adult viability. Of these P insertions, 67% have been verified by genetic tests to cause the associated recessive mutant phenotypes, and the validity of most of the remaining lines is predicted on statistical grounds. Sequences flanking >920 insertions have been determined to exactly position them in the genome and to identify 376 potentially affected transcripts from collections of EST sequences. Strains in the BDGP collection are available from the Bloomington Stock Center and have already assisted the research community in characterizing >250 Drosophila genes. The likely identity of 131 additional genes in the collection is reported here. Our results show that Drosophila genes have a wide range of sensitivity to inactivation by P elements, and provide a rationale for greatly expanding the BDGP primary collection based entirely on insertion site sequencing. We predict that this approach can bring >85% of all Drosophila open reading frames under experimental control.

scholarly journals Ras1 Interacts With Multiple New Signaling and Cytoskeletal Loci in Drosophila Eggshell Patterning and Morphogenesis

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-622
Author(s):  
Jon D Schnorr ◽  
Robert Holdcraft ◽  
Brett Chevalier ◽  
Celeste A Berg
Keyword(s):  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Egf Receptor ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
P Element ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project ◽  
Ras Signaling ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Epithelial Sheet

Abstract Little is known about the genes that interact with Ras signaling pathways to regulate morphogenesis. The synthesis of dorsal eggshell structures in Drosophila melanogaster requires multiple rounds of Ras signaling followed by dramatic epithelial sheet movements. We took advantage of this process to identify genes that link patterning and morphogenesis; we screened lethal mutations on the second chromosome for those that could enhance a weak Ras1 eggshell phenotype. Of 1618 lethal P-element mutations tested, 13 showed significant enhancement, resulting in forked and fused dorsal appendages. Our genetic and molecular analyses together with information from the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project reveal that 11 of these lines carry mutations in previously characterized genes. Three mutations disrupt the known Ras1 cell signaling components Star, Egfr, and Blistered, while one mutation disrupts Sec61β, implicated in ligand secretion. Seven lines represent cell signaling and cytoskeletal components that are new to the Ras1 pathway; these are Chickadee (Profilin), Tec29, Dreadlocks, POSH, Peanut, Smt3, and MESK2, a suppressor of dominant-negative Ksr. A twelfth insertion disrupts two genes, Nrk, a “neurospecific” receptor tyrosine kinase, and Tpp, which encodes a neuropeptidase. These results suggest that Ras1 signaling during oogenesis involves novel components that may be intimately associated with additional signaling processes and with the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. To determine whether these Ras1 Enhancers function upstream or downstream of the Egf receptor, four mutations were tested for their ability to suppress an activated Egfr construct (λtop) expressed in oogenesis exclusively in the follicle cells. Mutations in Star and l(2)43Bb had no significant effect upon the λtop eggshell defect whereas smt3 and dock alleles significantly suppressed the λtop phenotype.

Pattern and polarity of sclerites in adult abdominal segments of Calliphora erythrocephala (Diptera): anlage rotation experiments

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
M. J. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Positional Information ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Adult Pattern ◽  
Spatial Parameters

The anlagen of imaginal histoblasts in the abdominal segments of Calliphora (higher Diptera) present an interesting problem, which bears on recent concepts employed in the consideration of spatial patterning in insects. They differ from imaginal discs with respect to larval organization and activity, and in the absence of the progressive pattern of genetic determination during the larval period, characteristic of imaginal discs. How is the adult pattern in the abdominal segments determined? The experiments presented here seek to clarify the spatial parameters involved in control of adult pattern and polarity in the adult segment. A series of 180° rotations of hypodermal grafts bearing the anlagen singly, or in combination, or of larval intersegmental hypodermis, indicate that polarity is determined within the anlagen, through interaction with local larval epidermis either before or during histoblast migration. The nature of the sclerites, too, is primarily carried by the anlagen rather than determined by intersegmental information. The whole question of ‘determination of polarity’ is set out more carefully than hitherto in the light of (a) observations of the movement of epidermal cells in other systems in response to disturbance of pattern, and (b) the obvious vectorial nature of the phenomenon, which cannot be a genetic matter, but one of cell axes and of the relation of cells to segment/organism. The demonstration that (i) hemitergite and hemisternite are primarily determined by the anlagen themselves, and not by larval intersegmental membranes; and (ii) evidence indicates an influence of epidermal cells of the larva on the differentiation (as well as polarity) of imaginal histoblasts, leads to the conclusion that neither of two models considered will account for the establishment of the adult abdominal pattern among the histoblasts at metamorphosis. These models are (a) of a segmental gradient, set by the intersegmental boundaries of the previous instar, to which imaginal cells respond by interpretation of positional information; and (b) of progressive compartmentalization of pattern within the anlagen, without reference to epidermal context.

Discovery of wing imaginal discs in the penultimate instar of the lacewing Mallada desjardinsi (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) with histological notes on postembryonic imaginal disc development

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-684
Author(s):  
Shuhei Niitsu ◽  
Masayuki Hayashi ◽  
Taichi Nemoto ◽  
Masashi Nomura ◽  
Takehiko Kamito
Keyword(s):  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Wing Imaginal Discs

Cell cycle progression, growth and patterning in imaginal discs despite inhibition of cell division after inactivation of Drosophila Cdc2 kinase

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (18) ◽  
pp. 3555-3563 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Weigmann ◽  
S.M. Cohen ◽  
C.F. Lehner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Cdc2 Kinase ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Mitotic Kinase ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Local Cell

During larval development, Drosophila imaginal discs increase in size about 1000-fold and cells are instructed to acquire distinct fates as a function of their position. The secreted signaling molecules Wingless and Decapentaplegic have been implicated as sources of positional information that globally control growth and patterning. Evidence has also been presented that local cell interactions play an important role in controlling cell proliferation in imaginal discs. As a first step to understanding how patterning cues influence growth we investigated the effects of blocking cell division at different times and in spatially controlled manner by inactivation of the mitotic kinase Cdc2 in developing imaginal discs. We find that cell growth continues after inactivation of Cdc2, with little effect on overall patterning. The mechanisms that regulate size of the disc therefore do not function by regulating cell division, but appear to act primarily by regulating size in terms of physical distance or tissue volume.

scholarly journals Nano-CT characterization reveals coordinated growth of a rudimentary organ necessary for soldier development in the antPheidole hyatti

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Koch ◽  
Rui Tahara ◽  
Angelly Vasquez-Correa ◽  
Ehab Abouheif
Keyword(s):  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Minor Worker ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Worker Caste ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Coordination Patterns

AbstractThe growth of imaginal discs in holometabolous insects is coordinated with larval growth to ensure the symmetrical and proportional development of the adult appendages. In ants, the differential growth of these discs generates distinct castes – the winged male and queen castes and the wingless worker caste. In the hyperdiverse ant genusPheidole, the worker caste is composed of two morphologically distinct subcastes: small minor workers and larger, big-headed soldiers. Although these worker subcastes are completely wingless, soldier larvae develop rudimentary forewing discs that are necessary for generating the disproportionate head-to-body scaling of the big-headed soldier subcaste. However, it remains unclear whether rudimentary forewing discs in soldier larvae are coordinated with other imaginal discs, and whether disc growth and coordination patterns vary between the minor worker and soldier subcastes. Here we show, using quantitative nano-CT three-dimensional analyses, that growth of the soldier rudimentary forewing discs is coordinated with the increase in volume of the leg and eye-antennal (head) discs as well as with larval size. We found that the growth rate of the rudimentary forewing discs differs from the leg discs but is similar to the growth of the head (eye-antennal) discs relative to larval size, suggesting that growth of each type of imaginal disc may be differentially regulated. In addition to their larger size, the soldier eye-antennal discs increase in width as they undergo morphogenesis to generate the characteristic shape of the large soldier head, suggesting that the rudimentary forewing discs may regulate their patterning in addition to their growth. Finally, we observe little growth of the leg and eye-antennal discs during the bipotential stage, while in minor worker development these discs grow at similar rates to one another in coordination with larval size to generate the smaller minor worker subcaste. Our results suggest that rudimentary organs with regulatory functions may participate in new patterns of inter-organ coordination and regulation to produce novel phenotypes and complex worker caste systems. We provide characterization of larval development and imaginal disc growth and morphogenesis with the aim of highlighting this as an emerging system for the study of rudimentary organs during development and evolution.

scholarly journals Localization of the sevenless protein, a putative receptor for positional information, in the eye imaginal disc of Drosophila

Cell ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Tomlinson ◽  
David D.L. Bowtell ◽  
Ernst Hafen ◽  
Gerald M. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Putative Receptor ◽  
Eye Imaginal Disc

Pattern regulation and regeneration

1981 ◽  
Vol 295 (1078) ◽  
pp. 601-617 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Polar Coordinates ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Independent Sequence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cellular Behaviour

Insect legs develop from small regions of the embryonic thorax. In most insects they differentiate in the embryo, forming functional larval legs, which grow and moult through larval life. In Drosophila the presumptive legs invaginate to form imaginal discs, which grow through larval life but only differentiate in the pupal stage. Analysis of the structures formed after amputation, grafting and wounding experiments on larval legs and on mature and immature imaginal discs suggests that the same organization of positional information and cellular behaviour is involved in the response of the developing leg to disturbance at early stages (termed ‘regulation’) and at later stages (termed ‘regeneration’). The results suggest that developing legs form pattern in accordance with positional information specified in two dimensions within the epidermis, along polar coordinates. A continuous sequence of positional values runs around the circumference and an independent sequence runs down the leg. Two rules govern cellular behaviour after a disturbance. The shortest intercalation rule : interaction between cells with different positional values provokes local growth, producing cells with intermediate values (by the shortest route in the case of the circumferential values). The distalization rule : if intercalated cells have positional values identical to those of adjacent pre-existing cells then the new cells adopt a more distal value. These rules will produce a complete distal regenerate from a complete circumference and may produce a symmetrical regenerate from a symmetrical wound surface. This regenerate may taper (converge) or widen (diverge) and branch into two distal tips, depending on the extent of the original wound and the way in which it heals. The polar coordinate model provides a simple and unified interpretation, in terms of only local interactions, of a wide range of experimentally produced and naturally occurring insect (and crustacean and amphibian) limbs showing regeneration of missing structures, duplication of structures, and the formation of complete, tapering or branching supernumeraries. It is not yet clear what molecular mechanisms could underlie a polar map of positional information, nor how such a map could be initially established at a particular site in the early embryo.

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