PHAGE-TYPING AND ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED IN A GENERAL HOSPITAL

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Bynoe ◽  
R. H. Elder ◽  
R. D. Comtois
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Student Nurses ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Australian Hospital

Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various sources in a hospital, from March, 1953, to March, 1954, were phage-typed and tested for sensitivity to seven antibiotics. Of the dressings from 1400 clean operations, 15.7% were found to contain S. aureus and 8% of the postoperative wounds were clinically infected. Of 516 cultures, 95.4% were typable with the 32 phages used. Group III strains were predominant in the cultures from the patients and showed a higher degree of resistance to many of the antibiotics than did the strains of Groups I, II, and IV or the strains isolated from student nurses on starting their training, before exposure to the hospital environment. While a high proportion of strains in the hospital were resistant to the more commonly used antibiotics, penicillin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin, very few strains were resistant to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, or neomycin. A new phage type '81', the causative agent of 50% of the boils and abscesses investigated, was discovered. This has been found to be a common strain in Canadian hospitals and its similarity to the Australian hospital strain '80' is pointed out.

PHAGE GROUPS AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ASSOCIATED WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Fred E. Pittman ◽  
Calderon Howe ◽  
Louise Goode ◽  
Paul A. di Sant'Agnese
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Group Iii

In this study, 198 strains of hemolytic, coagulase-positive Staph. aureus were recovered from 84 patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and some of their relatives. The majority of the organisms fell into phage group III and were resistant in vitro to penicillin and other antibiotics. No single phage type seemed to be unduly prevalent in this group of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus prevalence among hospitalized patients

Medicina ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Žaneta Pavilonytė ◽  
Renata Kaukėnienė ◽  
Aleksandras Antuševas ◽  
Alvydas Pavilonis
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group Ii

Objective. To determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus strains among hospitalized patients at the beginning of their hospitalization and during their treatment and the resistance of strains to antibiotics, and to evaluate epidemiologic characteristics of these strains. Patients and methods. Sixty-one patients treated at the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery were examined. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus strains was performed using plasmacoagulase and DNase tests. The resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to antibiotics, b-lactamase production, phagotypes, and phagogroups were determined. The isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains were tested for resistance to methicillin by performing disc diffusion method using commercial discs (Oxoid) (methicillin 5 mg per disk and oxacillin 1 mg per disk). Results. A total of 297 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated. On the first day of hospitalization, the prevalence rate of Staphylococcus aureus strains among patients was 67.3%, and it statistically significantly increased to 91.8% on days 7–10 of hospitalization (P<0.05). During hospitalization, patients were colonized with Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to cephalothin (17.6% of patients, P<0.05), cefazolin (14.6%, P<0.05), tetracycline (15.0%, P<0.05), gentamicin (37.7%, P<0.001), doxycycline (30.7%, P<0.001), and tobramycin (10.6%, P>0.05). Three patients (4.9%) were colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, belonging to phage group II phage type 3A and phage group III phage types 83A and 77; 22.6– 25.5% of Staphylococcus aureus strains were nontypable. During hospitalization, the prevalence rate of phage group II Staphylococcus aureus strains decreased from 39.6% to 5.7% (P<0.05) and the prevalence rate of phage group III Staphylococcus aureus strains increased to 29.5% (P<0.001). Conclusions. Although our understanding of Staphylococcus aureus is increasing, well-designed communitybased studies with adequate risk factor analysis are required to elucidate further the epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus provides relevant information on the extent of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemic, identifies priorities for infection control and the need for adjustments in antimicrobial drug policy, and guides intervention programs.

scholarly journals Crystal violet reactions of fresh clinical isolates ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom two British hospitals

1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Freeman ◽  
S. J. Hudson ◽  
D. Burdess
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Reliable Marker ◽  
Restricted Pattern

SUMMARYWhen 168 fresh clinical isolates ofStaphylococcus aureuswere examined for their reactions on a medium containing 1 part in 100 000 crystal violet 50·6% of strains produced a purple appearance, 39·3% produced a white appearance and 10·1% produced a yellow appearance. Purple-reacting isolates were significantly associated with both invasive infections (P < 0·01) and hospital origin (P < 0·001). There were no significant associations between the crystal violet reactions and either animal contact or other properties previously reported to be characteristic of white and yellow-reacting strains (beta haemolysin and bovine coagulase production). The results of phage typing showed associations between susceptibility to group III phages and purple-reacting strains and between phage group II susceptibility and white and yellow-reacting strains. There was also a highly significant association between white reactions on crystal violet agar and susceptibility to lysis by a combination of all three groups (that is, I + II + III) and white-reacting strains were significantly more susceptible to lysis by phages 94 and/or 96, whether as a restricted pattern or as part of a broader pattern. The purple reaction on crystal violet medium may be a reliable marker of the ‘ hospital Staphylococcus’.

scholarly journals A five year outbreak of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus phage type 53,85 in a regional neonatal unit

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. WILCOX ◽  
P. FITZGERALD ◽  
J. FREEMAN ◽  
M. DENTON ◽  
A. B. GILL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Neonatal Unit ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Neonatal Skin

We identified a 5-year outbreak of a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strain, affecting 202 babies on a neonatal unit, by routine weekly phage typing all S. aureus isolates. Multiple staged control measures including strict emphasis on hand hygiene, environmental and staff surveillance sampling, and application of topical hexachlorophane powder failed to end the outbreak. S. aureus PT 53,85 (SA5385) was found on opened packs of Stomahesive®, used as a neonatal skin protectant. Only following the implementation of aseptic handling of Stomahesive®, and the use of topical mupirocin for staff nasal carriers of SA5385, and for babies colonized or infected with S. aureus, did the isolation rate of SA5385 decline. DNA fingerprinting indicated that [ges ]95% of SA5385 isolates were clonal. In vitro death rates of SA5385 on Stomahesive® with human serum were significantly lower than on Stomahesive® alone (P = 0·04), and on cotton sheet with serum (P = 0·04), highlighting the potential of this material as a survival niche. Phage typing remains a valuable, inexpensive and simple method for monitoring nosocomial MSSA infection.

An Introduction to Molecular Hospital Epidemiology

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 395-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil L. Barg
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Epidemic Strain ◽  
Nosocomial Pathogen ◽  
Hospital Epidemiology ◽  
Unique Strain ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Capsular Typing

One of the primary goals of the hospital epidemiologist is the identification and characterization of nosocomial outbreaks. Outbreaks usually are identified by the recovery of a unique strain from a cluster of patients infected with a nosocomially acquired pathogen. Until recently, the microbiologic tools available to any hospital epidemiologist permitted identification of novel strains by speciation and antibiogram. Thus, most outbreak descriptions consisted of the identification of an unusual species or the appearance of a new antibiotic resistance phenotype in a recognized nosocomial pathogen. The emergence of enterococci in this decade or the emergence of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in the 1970s am notable examples. Where resources have existed, additional methods have been used for further discrimination. Outbreak and endemic strains have been compared by phage typing, serologic typing, and capsular typing. For example, beta-hemolytic streptococci may be grouped by Lancefield antisera, andStaphylococcus aureusmay be grouped by phage typing. However, certain Lancefield groups and certain phage groups are common among epidemic and endemic isolates, which may prevent identification of a specific epidemic strain.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE COLONIAL VARIANTS OF THE SMITH STRAIN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takamasa Shimizu ◽  
L. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Colony Type

The Smith strain of staphylococcus, used in many laboratories for "virulence" studies, is known to be genetically unstable. The strain has been shown to have more than one colony type, and reports concerning its phage type and its phage typability have been conflicting. In our work, four "Smith" strains were obtained from four different laboratories. Three of these strains produced three colony variants—compact, diffuse, and mucoid—whereas the fourth strain produced only the compact and mucoid variants. Results with phage typing were not always consistent but the compact colony variants were much more susceptible to lysis by phage than the parent strains, and the diffuse variants appeared to be completely resistant to lysis by phage. The results confirm reports in the literature that the Smith strain is genetically unstable and gives rise to a number of different colony forms with varying phage susceptibility.

scholarly journals Epidemiology ofStaphylococcus aureusin patients with cystic fibrosis

1994 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Branger ◽  
J. M. Fournier ◽  
J. Loulergue ◽  
A. Bouvet ◽  
Ph. Goullet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Capsular Type ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Wide Range

SUMMARYSeven hundred and thirty-four isolates ofStaphylococcus aureus, recovered from the sputum of 238 cystic fibrosis patients in six French hospitals, were characterized by esterase electrophoretic typing, capsular polysaccharide serotyping and phage typing and tested against 14 antibiotics for sensitivity. Thirty-four esterase electrophoretic types were found with a genotypic diversity coefficient of 0·91. Five hundred and forty-eight (78·7%) isolates produced capsular polysaccharide and 350 (50·3%) were type 8. Four hundred and sixty isolates (66·6%) were phage typable and 202 (28·2%) were lysed by group III bacteriophages. No esterase electrophoretic type, capsular type or phage type was specific to cystic fibrosis. Isolates belonged to a wide range of types, similar to strains acquired outside hospitals. Eighty-five patients had three or more consecutive isolates over at least 6 months. The ability ofS. aureusto persist for long periods of time has been demonstrated in 73% of them. Methicillin-resistance was encountered among 73 strains (9·8%) which were also multiresistant. Two hundred and eighty-nine (39·9%) strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested except to penicillin. Pristinamycin and co-trimoxazole were the most effective antibiotics. These results could contribute to the elaboration of a rational approach to the prophylaxis and therapy of respiratory staphylococcal infections in cystic fibrosis patients.

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