BAKTERI PATOGEN PADA KEPITING KELAPA (Birgus latro)

Coconut crab (Birgus latro) is a fishery resource with high economic value. Coconut Crab is only found in eastern Indonesia, covering Sulawesi, Maluku and North Maluku. One of the habitat of Coconut Crab in North Maluku is Moor Island, Central Halmahera. The coastal typology of this island is predominantly rocky with many gaps and small caves, as well as several steep slopes with dominant vegetation conditions of coconut, beach pandanus and other coastal plants. Walnut Crab is often used as a consumption ingredient because it has delicious taste and high nutritions. However, the use of crustaceans for consumption can also be dangerous. This is because crustaceans also contain several pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to identify pathogenic bacteria isolated from Coconut Crab which is the largest crustacean in the world. 5 samples of Coconut Crab were taken from Moor Island. Isolated samples marked KK1, KK2, KK3, KK4 and KK5. Pure bacterial isolates were obtained from Coconut Crab samples, evaluated for colony type and identified based on biochemical characterization. The types of pathogenic bacteria identified in samples KK1, KK2, KK3, KK4 and KK5 were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. and Staphylococcus sp.

Microstructural Investigations of Novel High Temperature Alloys Based on NiAl-(Cr,Mo)

Apart from the reported transition from the fibrous morphology in NiAl-34Cr to lamellae by adding 0.6 at.% Mo, further morphology transformations along the eutectic trough in the NiAl-(Cr,Mo) alloys were observed. Compositions with at least 10.3 at.% Cr have lamellar morphology while the first tendency to fiber formation was found at 9.6 at.% Cr. There is a compositional range, where both lamellae and fibers are present in the microstructure and a further decrease in Cr to 1.8at.% Cr results in fully fibrous morphology. Alongside these morphology changes of the (Cr,Mo)ss reinforcing phase, its volume fraction was found to be from 41 to 11 vol.% confirming the trend predicted by the CALPHAD approach. For mixed morphologies in-situ X-ray diffraction experiments performed between room and liquidus temperature accompanied by EDX measurements reveal the formation of a gradient in composition for the solid solution. A new Mo-rich NiAl-9.6Cr-10.3Mo alloy clearly shows this effect in the as-cast state. Moreover, crystallographic orientation examination yields two different types of colonies in this composition. In the first colony type, the orientation relationship between NiAl matrix and (Cr,Mo)ss reinforcing phase was ( 100 ) NiAl|| ( 100 ) Cr,Mo and ⟨ 100 ⟩ NiAl|| ⟨ 100 ⟩ Cr,Mo. An orientation relationship described by a rotation of almost 60° about ⟨ 111 ⟩ was found in the second colony type. In both cases, no distinct crystallographic plane as phase boundary was observed.

Transplantable and functional retinal pigment epithelium derived from non-colony-type monolayer of human induced pluripotent stem cells

Background Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) exhibit great promise in treating retinal degenerative diseases. To develop transplantable and functional hiPSC-RPE cells, here, we used a novel differentiation protocol based on a non-colony-type monolayer (NCM) culture and injectable spheroids. Methods The derived hiPSC-RPE cells were identified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence assay, Western blotting, and flow cytometry assay. The functions of transplantable hiPSC-RPE cells in vitro and in vivo were also analyzed by fluorescein leakage test, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay, atomic force microscopy observation, POS phagocytosis assay, frozen tissue sections, live/dead assay, SA-β-Gal activity assay, and immunocytochemistry. Results The derived hiPSC-RPE cells positively expressed biomarkers of RPE cells but not iPSCs, such as CRALBP (97.4%), EMMPRIN (93.8%), Oct4 (2.1%), and Sox2 (2.0%). hiPSC-RPE cells displayed RPE-like characteristics including barrier function, phagocytic activity, and polarized membrane. hiPSC-RPE cell spheroids positively expressed Nestin and exhibited reduced SA-β-Gal staining. Injectable hiPSC-RPE cell spheroids could form monolayers on decellularized corneal matrixes (DCM). After subretinal transplantation for one month, hiPSC-RPE cell spheroids could survive and maintain segmental sheet growth in RPE-degenerated chinchilla rabbits. Conclusion This study realized that NCM dissociated hiPSCs were effectively differentiated into transplantable and functional RPE through the sequential addition of defined factors but not involving exogenous genes. This study may lay the foundation for the clinical transplantation of hiPSC-RPE cell spheroids as therapy for RPE degenerative diseases in the future.

The Adaptive Morphology of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms: A Defense Mechanism against Bacterial Starvation

Biofilms are commonly defined as accumulations of microbes, embedded in a self-secreted, polysaccharide-rich extra-cellular matrix. This study aimed to characterize specific morphological changes that occur in Bacillus subtilis biofilms under nutrient-limiting growth conditions. Under varying levels of nutrient depletion, colony-type biofilms were found to exhibit different rates of spatial expansion and green fluorescent protein production. Specifically, colony-type biofilms grown on media with decreased lysogeny broth content exhibited increased spatial expansion and more stable GFP production over the entire growth period. By modeling the surface morphology of colony-type biofilms using confocal and multiphoton microscopy, we analyzed the appearance of distinctive folds or “wrinkles” that form as a result of lysogeny broth content reduction in the solid agar growth media. When subjected to varying nutritional conditions, the channel-like folds were shown to alter their morphology; growth on nutrient-depleted media was found to trigger the formation of large and straight wrinkles connecting the colony core to its periphery. To test a possible functional role of the formed channels, a fluorescent analogue of glucose was used to demonstrate preferential native uptake of the molecules into the channels’ interiors which supports their possible role in the transport of molecules throughout biofilm structures.

Multilocus Sequence Subtypes of Campylobacter Detected on the Surface and from Internal Tissues of Retail Chicken Livers

ABSTRACT Foodborne campylobacteriosis has been traced to undercooked chicken liver. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter associated with chicken livers at retail and to determine which subtypes are detected on the surface and in the internal tissues of the livers. Fifteen packages of fresh chicken livers, each representing a unique combination of processing plant and sell-by date, were collected at each of three retail grocery stores in Georgia. Three intact, undamaged livers per container (n = 45) were selected and sampled using each three methods: outside swab, inside swab accessed by pressing through a heat-sterilized outer surface, and whole liver blended in enrichment broth. Each liver sample with 0.1 mL of exudate from packages was cultured for Campylobacter by plating on Campy-Cefex agar. The most prevalent Campylobacter colony type from each positive sample was subjected to whole genome sequencing and multilocus sequence typing. Campylobacter was detected in at least one sample from every package. Surface swabs were positive for 29 of 45 livers, but significantly fewer swabs of internal tissue were positive, 14 of 45 (P < 0.01). Campylobacter was detected in 30 of 45 blended whole liver samples. Multiple subtypes were detected from eight livers. In four livers, a different subtype was dominant on the surface than was dominant internally. In one liver, three subtypes were detected. Various subtypes of Campylobacter can be readily isolated from fresh retail chicken livers; therefore, undercooked chicken livers pose a food safety risk.

Colonial Legitimization-Legibility Linkages and the Politics of Identity in Algeria and Morocco

Scholarship on the modern state’s symbolic and social infrastructural power typically correlates high state capacity to practices of standardization, homogenization, and integration. Less attention has focused on how this power can be directed towards differentiation and heterogenization, as amply demonstrated in the case of empire. This article develops a framework for analyzing how infrastructural power is employed by modern colonial states and how it impacts society. It argues that formal legitimization structures defined for colonial subunits influence legibility practices enacted within them—what is named and counted and how it is named and counted—and that these legitimization-legibility linkages are significant because they politicize particular boundaries of collective identity in lasting ways within the subjugated society. This model is used to analyze variation within French North Africa between a colony-type linkage in Algeria and a protectorate-type linkage in Morocco, and account for the divergent identity politics and claims-making strategies that emerged within these units. The conclusion considers the broader comparative implications of legitimization-legibility combinations in formerly colonized political units.