FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIA: II. THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF AIR-BORNE CELLS

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Alcohol ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Pyrimidine Ring ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Single Chemical

The effect on air-borne cells of single chemical compounds added to a bacterial suspension prior to atomization has been studied. It has been found that some amino acids, long chain protein degredates, some sugars and polyhydroxycyclohexanes can enhance the survival of air-borne cells. The ability of a compound to preserve viability during periods of desiccation has been found to be connected with the presence of an amino and/or secondary alcohol group. For maximal protection these groups need to be substituted onto a six-membered ring nucleus. The hydroxyl group has been found toxic if present on a benzene ring, but protective on a pyrimidine ring. Inositol was found to afford a large measure of stability to the air-borne cells and its stabilizing ability could be destroyed by urea and guanidine. It is suggested that compounds enhance survival by replacing water molecules in protein structure during desiccation through hydrogen bonding and so preserve the natural structure of the cellular proteins. Peaks in death rates at intermediate relative humidity levels have been found to be due to the presence of the added compounds.

scholarly journals THE ISOLATION OF COMPOUND POLYPHENOL FROM WAJO DISTRICT CACAO BEAN AND CACAO WASTE THROUGH FERMENTATION PROCESS

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Muhammad Wijaya ◽  
Muhammad Wiharto
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Crystallinity Degree ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Waste Shell ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Cocoa Shell

This research aims to utilize the liquid smoke, charcoal, oil and gas that have been produced from cocoa waste shell from fast pyrolysis technology at 125-500 oC. The charcoal of the cocoa waste was analyzed using a bomb calorimeter at 5925 cal/g showed that it contains 52.02% of lignin; 17.27% of alpha cellulose and 19.56% of hemicellulose, respectively. The HPLC analysis of Wajo district cacao bean resulted in polyphenol compound as 308.35. GC-MS analysis of cocoa shell liquid smoke that pyrolized at 125-500 oC produces severals compounds such as acetic acid, n-buthane, methyl esther, propanoac acid, butanoac acid, methyl pyridine, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, and mequinol. The FTIR analysis of cocoa bean showed a hydroxyl group at 3450.65 cm-1, carbonyl group at 1730.15 cm-1, CH group at 719.45-607.58 cm-1. The crystallinity degree of Wajo District cocoa shell analyzed using XRD was 26,50%. The existence of chemical compounds in liquid smoke products have been found as raw chemicals.  Content of biomass carbon at these cacao waste increased according to the increase of pyrolisis temperature, while the carbon emission of these three materials decreased as the temperature increased. Compound polyphenol from cacao bean has a potent as anti oxidant that is friendly  for environmental and healthy. Keywords: cacao  bean, fermentation,  polyphenol,  and  chemical

scholarly journals Trifluoroacetylation of Alcohols During NMR Study of Compounds with Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, Oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane and Bicyclo[3.3.0]octane Skeleton

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-177
Author(s):  
Constantin I. Tanase ◽  
Anamaria Hanganu ◽  
Constantin Draghici
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Cyclopropane Ring ◽  
Secondary Alcohol ◽  
Primary Alcohol ◽  
1H And 13C Nmr ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Nmr Study ◽  
Group A ◽  
Graphical Presentation ◽  
Nmr Signals

TFA was added to a solution of a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane azide-alcohol in CDCl3 to correctly characterize the compound, but during 24 h gave the trifluoro acetylated compound in quantitative yield. NMR spectra of the esterified compound helped us also to correctly attribute the NMR signals to the protons, and also confirmed the identification of the carbon atoms. The study was extended to other 14 compounds containing a primary alcohol group alone or with an ethylene ketal, a δ- or -lactone group, a primary and a secondary group, two primary and an alkene group and two primary and a secondary alcohol groups on scaffolds containing bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, bicyclo [2.2.1]heptane constrained with a cyclopropane ring and bicyclo[3.3.0]octane fragments. The esterification of all compounds was also quantitative in 24 to 72 h; this helped us to correct attribute the NMR signals to the protons and carbon atoms of the un-esterified compounds by comparison with those of the trifluoro acetylated compounds. A graphical presentation of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of a few un-esterified and esterified compounds are presented in the paper.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIA: VII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES AND THEIR ACTION ON AIR-BORNE CELLS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Relationship

The action of several amino-hydroxy benzenes and pyrimidines on the survival of air-borne cells has been studied. It has been found that the —OH group is largely responsible for the protectiveness or toxicity of an added compound towards air-borne cells and that the activity of an —OH group can be severely modified by an —NH2 group as well as the ring nucleus on which it is placed. The relative humidity (R.H.) at which the aerosol is held determines the toxicity or protectiveness of a given compound and different chemical configurations in added chemicals appear to be necessary in order to preserve the viability of cells as R.H. is changed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Cytochalasans on the Actin Cytoskeleton of Eukaryotic Cells and Preliminary Structure–Activity Relationships

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Kretz ◽  
Lucile Wendt ◽  
Sarunyou Wongkanoun ◽  
J. Luangsa-ard ◽  
Frank Surup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Exact Effect

In our ongoing search for new bioactive fungal metabolites, two new cytochalasans were isolated from stromata of the hypoxylaceous ascomycete Hypoxylon fragiforme. Their structures were elucidated via high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Together with 23 additional cytochalasans isolated from ascomata and mycelial cultures of different Ascomycota, they were tested on their ability to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton of mammal cells in a preliminary structure–activity relationship study. Out of all structural features, the presence of hydroxyl group at the C7 and C18 residues, as well as their stereochemistry, were determined as important factors affecting the potential to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, reversibility of the actin disrupting effects was tested, revealing no direct correlations between potency and reversibility in the tested compound group. Since the diverse bioactivity of cytochalasans is interesting for various applications in eukaryotes, the exact effect on eukaryotic cells will need to be determined, e.g., by follow-up studies involving medicinal chemistry and by inclusion of additional natural cytochalasans. The results are also discussed in relation to previous studies in the literature, including a recent report on the anti-Biofilm activities of essentially the same panel of compounds against the pathogenic bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus.

Zur Chemie des Phorbols, VIII

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1584-1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gschwendt ◽  
Erich Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Allyl Alcohol ◽  
Lead Tetraacetate ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Complete Structure ◽  
Relative Configuration ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Partial Structures ◽  
Group A ◽  
Tertiary Hydroxyl

Oxidation of phorbol with one mole of lead tetraacetate yields bisdehydrophorbol, tiglophorbol and small amounts of phorbolacton-semiacetal. By chemical and spectroscopic investigations of bisdehydrophorbol and its derivatives its complete structure 16 is derived based upon the partial structures and structural elements of phorbol (1 - 3) which have been deduced in preceding communications. By consideration of the mechanism of the oxidative scission of the cyclopropanol unit in phorbol the structure 15 of this new tetracyclic diterpene is obtained. 15 has a pentamethyl-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopropabenzazulene skeleton (tiglian) carrying as functional groups a tertiary hydroxyl group, an α,β-unsaturated tertiary 1.2-ketol group, a primary allyl alcohol group and a α- [hydroxycyclopropyl] -carbinol group. Phorbol is 4.9.12β.13.20-pentahydroxy-tigliadien- (1.6) -on- (3) (15) , bisdehydrophorbol 4.9.12β.20-tetrahydroxy-13.15-seco-tigliatrien- (1.6.15) -dion- (3.13) (16) the conformations of which have been determined. The structure of phorbolacton-semiacetal is determined in the following communication of this series. Based upon the structure of phorbol and additional chemical and spectroscopic evidence the structure of tiglophorbol (17) is also derived. With the data provided the relative configuration and the conformation of six out of the eight asymmetric centers of phorbol is determined.

Next Generation Oilfield on-Site Trace Chemicals Analysis by SERS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengwei Liu ◽  
Sankaran Murugesan ◽  
Sunder Ramachandran ◽  
Peng Jin
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Oil And Gas Operations ◽  
Active Nature ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Trace Chemicals ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Accurate and precise monitoring of chemical additives in oilfield brine is an important aspect of oil and gas operations towards corrosion control and flow assurance. Many operators are required to monitor the residual concentrations of chemical additives in production systems at specific locations to monitor and troubleshoot factors affecting chemical deliverability and performance. However, residual measurements are extremely problematic due to many factors, including the surface active nature of the chemicals and high ionic strength of the brine. The error on residual measurements can often be over 100%. Residual measurement typically requires the collection of a water sample, which often needs to be transported to a centralized analytical laboratory. Analytical techniques used to measure residuals are based on several combinations of separation (e.g. chromatography, liquid-liquid extraction, etc.) and detection (e.g. various forms of spectroscopy). However, most of these methods lack portability and require tedious laboratory procedures located off-site. The current paper describes a nanotechnology-enabled Raman spectroscopy method developed and tested for monitoring chemical inhibitor residuals. Development of this technology with handheld instrumentation provides better detection and quantification of chemical additives in the field and reduces time and cost compared to sending samples to off-site laboratories for data collection.

scholarly journals A review- bioremediation of oil sludge contaminated soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Riju Chandra Saha ◽  
Auchib Reza ◽  
Muhammad Sakib Hasan ◽  
Piash Saha
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Bulking Agents ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Safe Technology ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
Process Material

Petroleum oil as a vast source of energy widely used in the whole world in several sectors especially in industry and transportation. The leakage or contamination of oil from pipeline, tank, and industry as a form of oil sludge with soil can produce major environmental and health hazard. Bioremediation is one of the most economical and environmentally safe technology to prevent this contamination though it takes longer time. This paper reviews the basic processes involved in bioremediation, types and the factors affecting it. This study includes some previously adopted different bioremediation methods varies with different process material such as refinery treatment sludge, sewage sludge, microbial organism, bulking agents and different chemical additives. The comparison of these methods is presented in respect of the removal efficiency of an entire process as well as the TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon), aliphatic, aromatic, resins, asphaltene fraction of oil sludge within the different period of time.

Identification of the Au/ZnO interface as the specific active site for the selective oxidation of the secondary alcohol group in glycerol

2019 ◽  
Vol 369 ◽  
pp. 222-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongning Pan ◽  
Guandong Wu ◽  
Yufei He ◽  
Junting Feng ◽  
Dianqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Selective Oxidation ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Secondary Alcohol ◽  
Alcohol Group

Crystal structure of palbociclib isethionate Form B, (C24H30N7O2)(C2H5O4S)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
James A. Kaduk ◽  
Amy M. Gindhart ◽  
Thomas N. Blanton
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Pyrimidine Ring ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Sulfonate Group ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Protonated Nitrogen Atom

The crystal structure of palbociclib isethionate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Palbociclib isethionate crystallizes in space group P-1 (#2) with a = 8.71334(4), b = 9.32119(6), c = 17.73725(18) Å, α = 80.0260(5), β = 82.3579(3), γ = 76.1561(1)°, V = 1371.282(4) Å3, and Z = 2. The crystal structure is dominated by cation⋯anion and cation⋯cation hydrogen bonds, which result in layers roughly parallel to the (104) plane. Both hydrogen atoms on the protonated nitrogen atom of the pyrimidine ring participate in strong hydrogen bonds to the anions. One proton binds to the sulfonate group, while the other bonds to the hydroxyl group of the isethionate anion. The hydroxyl group of the anion acts as a donor to a ketone oxygen atom in the cation. There are also strong N–H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which occur in pairs linking the cations into dimers with rings having a graph set R2,2(8). The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD® for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™.

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