BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE BLOOD OF ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED WAX MOTH LARVAE

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
June M. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Immune State ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wax Moth

The blood of normal wax moth larvae is not bactericidal for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The blood becomes moderately bactericidal when larvae are actively immunized against P. aeruginosa. This activity was measured by a modification of Nagington's technique for the estimation of typhoid antibody. Bactericidal activity appears to be the only measurable type of antibody response against P. aeruginosa. Cell-free blood was as active as whole blood; 0.02 ml of immune serum kills about 1000 organisms. The blood of normal wax moth larvae is bactericidal for Shigella dysenteriae but the blood of insects immunized against either this organism or P. aeruginosa shows no increase in activity against S. dysenteriae. A number of non-specific agents, both protein and non-protein, did not stimulate bactericidal activity in serum after their injection into normal larvae. Immune sera prepared against some strains of P. aeruginosa were not active against other strains. Storage at 37 °C or absorption with zymosan both result in blackening of immune blood and loss of bactericidal activity. Bactericidal activity is evident only during the immune state of the insect, i.e. from about 18 hours until the third day after vaccination; it develops at the same time that inhibition of melanization was observed in the blood from vaccinated larvae.

INFLUENCE OF ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION ON MELANIZATION OF THE BLOOD OF WAX MOTH LARVAE

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
June M. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Wax Moth

Larval blood of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), immunized against Pseudomonas aeruginosa does not melanize on exposure to air as does normal blood. Larval blood samples taken 20 to 24 hours after vaccination against either of the pathogens P. aeruginosa or Proteus mirabilis did not melanize; blood of insects vaccinated against the nonpathogenic Shigella dysenteriae strain K 629 or a nonpathogenic strain of Pseudomonas did melanize. Injection of nonspecific agents, such as sodium chloride or egg albumen, did not inhibit melanization. The oxidation–reduction potential of immune blood was markedly lower than that of normal blood. Enzymes from both normal and immune blood were precipitated with cold acetone. The enzyme preparations were nontoxic to normal larvae. Both normal and immune blood enzyme preparations produced melanin from tyrosine, though the immune blood enzyme acted more slowly. Sodium thioglycollate, ascorbic acid, benzoin oxime, and phenylthiourea each inhibited the melanization of normal blood in vitro but did not confer bactericidal activity. These inhibitors did not produce any change in the rate of melanization, bactericidal activity, or immune properties of the blood when injected into larvae.

Studies on Thrombolysis with Streptokinase

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 354-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Gottlob ◽  
L Stockinger ◽  
U Pötting ◽  
G Schattenmann
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
The Third ◽  
Morphological Findings ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Arteries And Veins

SummaryIn vitro whole blood clots of various ages, experimental thrombi produced in the jugular vein of rabbits and human thrombi from arteries and veins were examined in semi-thin sections and by means of electron microscopy.In all types of clots examined a typical course of retraction was found. Retraction starts with a dense excentrical focus which grows into a densification ring. After 24 hours the entire clot becomes almost homogeneously dense; later a secondary swelling sets in.Shortly after coagulation the erythrocytes on the rim of the clot are bi-concave discs. They then assume the shape of crenate spheres, turn into smooth spheres and finally become indented ghosts which have lost the largest part of their contents. In the inner zone, which makes up the bulk of the clot, we observed bi-concave discs prior to retraction. After retraction we see no crenations but irregularly shaped erythrocytes. Once the secondary swelling sets in, the cross-section becomes polygonal and later spherical. After extensive hemolysis we observe the “retiform thrombus” made up of ghosts.Experimental and clinical thrombi present the same morphology but are differentiated from in vitro clots by: earlier hemolysis, immigration of leukocytes, formation of a rim layer consisting of fibrin and thrombocytes, and the symptoms of organization. Such symptoms of organization which definitely will prevent lysis with streptokinase were found relatively late in experimental and clinical thrombi. Capillary buds and capillary loops were never found in clinical thrombi prior to the third month.The morphological findings agree with earlier physical and enzymatic investigations. The observation that phenomena of reorganization occur relatively late and frequently only in the rim areas of large thrombi explains why lytic therapy is possible in some of the chronic obliterations.

scholarly journals WS02.6 Increased bactericidal activity of colistin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in anaerobic conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. S4
Author(s):  
M. Kolpen ◽  
C.F. Appeldorff ◽  
S. Brandt ◽  
N. Mousavi ◽  
K.N. Kragh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions

scholarly journals Whole Blood Bactericidal Activity during Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2003 ◽  
Vol 187 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Wallis ◽  
Solange A. Vinhas ◽  
John L. Johnson ◽  
Fabíola C. Ribeiro ◽  
Moisés Palaci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Whole Blood

scholarly journals Bactericidal Activity, Absence of Serum Effect, and Time-Kill Kinetics of Ceftazidime-Avibactam against β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 5297-5305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany R. Keepers ◽  
Marcela Gomez ◽  
Chris Celeri ◽  
Wright W. Nichols ◽  
Kevin M. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Isolate ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACTAvibactam, a non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor with activity against extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), KPC, AmpC, and some OXA enzymes, extends the antibacterial activity of ceftazidime against most ceftazidime-resistant organisms producing these enzymes. In this study, the bactericidal activity of ceftazidime-avibactam against 18Pseudomonas aeruginosaisolates and 15Enterobacteriaceaeisolates, including wild-type isolates and ESBL, KPC, and/or AmpC producers, was evaluated. Ceftazidime-avibactam MICs (0.016 to 32 μg/ml) were lower than those for ceftazidime alone (0.06 to ≥256 μg/ml) against all isolates except for 2P. aeruginosaisolates (1blaVIM-positive isolate and 1blaOXA-23-positive isolate). The minimum bactericidal concentration/MIC ratios of ceftazidime-avibactam were ≤4 for all isolates, indicating bactericidal activity. Human serum and human serum albumin had a minimal effect on ceftazidime-avibactam MICs. Ceftazidime-avibactam time-kill kinetics were evaluated at low MIC multiples and showed time-dependent reductions in the number of CFU/ml from 0 to 6 h for all strains tested. A ≥3-log10decrease in the number of CFU/ml was observed at 6 h for allEnterobacteriaceae, and a 2-log10reduction in the number of CFU/ml was observed at 6 h for 3 of the 6P. aeruginosaisolates. Regrowth was noted at 24 h for some of the isolates tested in time-kill assays. These data demonstrate the potent bactericidal activity of ceftazidime-avibactam and support the continued clinical development of ceftazidime-avibactam as a new treatment option for infections caused byEnterobacteriaceaeandP. aeruginosa, including isolates resistant to ceftazidime by mechanisms dependent on avibactam-sensitive β-lactamases.

scholarly journals Evaluación del método dilución neutralización aplicado a un desinfectante según la Norma Técnica Colombiana 5473 de 2007

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Janeth Arias-Palacios ◽  
Libardo Hernandez-Esquivel ◽  
Juan Carlos Marín-Díaz ◽  
Natalia Navarro-Peña ◽  
Natalia Santos-Arévalo
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Enterococcus Hirae ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Logarithmic Reduction

<strong>Objective</strong>. Evaluate the dilution-neutralization method proposed in the Colombian Technical Norm 5473/07, by using a gel, alcoholbased disinfectant. <strong>Materials and methods</strong>. This study was done using Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, and Enterococcus hirae ATCC 10541 as the assay microorganisms. The study was carried out at 20±1°C as obligatory temperature and additionally at 36±1°C. Four contact times between microorganisms and the disinfectant were evaluated (0, 2, 5 and 10 minutes). The assay was done both under clean conditions (0.3 g/L of bovine serum albumin), and unclean conditions (3 g/L of bovine serum albumin and 3g/L of sheep erythrocytes). <strong>Results</strong>. The implementation of this method produced precise results in all of the six<br />repetitions used during the assay. The obtained results demonstrated a logarithmic reduction higher than five, demonstrating the bactericidal activity exerted by the disinfectant on the control microorganisms. The established experimental conditions and methodology did not affect negatively the growth of any of the strains of microorganisms. Similarly, the neutralizing used did not inhibit the development of the microorganisms of the assay.<strong> Conclusions</strong>. The method was verified by means of the fulfillment of the limits set by the rule. Our results suggest that the method evaluated by means of the implementation of the protocol established in the Colombian Technical Norm 5473/07, allows evaluating the effectiveness of a disinfectant under selected and controlled experimental conditions.<br /><br /><strong>Key words</strong>: disinfection, clean conditions, unclean conditions, dilution-neutralization method, logarithmic reduction.

scholarly journals Hyperbaric Oxygen Sensitizes Anoxic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm to Ciprofloxacin

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Kolpen ◽  
Christian J. Lerche ◽  
Kasper N. Kragh ◽  
Thomas Sams ◽  
Klaus Koren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Aerobic Respiration ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oxygen Treatment

ABSTRACT Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is characterized by the presence of endobronchial antibiotic-tolerant biofilm, which is subject to strong oxygen (O2) depletion due to the activity of surrounding polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The exact mechanisms affecting the antibiotic susceptibility of biofilms remain unclear, but accumulating evidence suggests that the efficacy of several bactericidal antibiotics is enhanced by stimulation of aerobic respiration of pathogens, while lack of O2 increases their tolerance. In fact, the bactericidal effect of several antibiotics depends on active aerobic metabolism activity and the endogenous formation of reactive O2 radicals (ROS). In this study, we aimed to apply hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) to sensitize anoxic P. aeruginosa agarose biofilms established to mimic situations with intense O2 consumption by the host response in the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. Application of HBOT resulted in enhanced bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin at clinically relevant durations and was accompanied by indications of restored aerobic respiration, involvement of endogenous lethal oxidative stress, and increased bacterial growth. The findings highlight that oxygenation by HBOT improves the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin on P. aeruginosa biofilm and suggest that bacterial biofilms are sensitized to antibiotics by supplying hyperbaric O2.

Tobramycin-Induced Hypersensitivity Reaction

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 704-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet S Schretlen-Doherty ◽  
William G Troutman
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reaction ◽  
Aminoglycoside Antibiotic ◽  
Drug Regimen ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Left Chest ◽  
The Third ◽  
Access System ◽  
Case Summary

Objective: To report a case of a hypersensitivity reaction associated with the use of intravenous tobramycin in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Case Summary: An 18-year-old man was hospitalized for exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis. Tobramycin 125 mg iv q6h and ceftazidime 2 g iv q8h were administered through the patient's implantable access system in the left chest. Within seconds of receiving the third dose of tobramycin, the patient experienced shaking, his left arm turned white, and urticaria and pruritus were noted on the left side of the patient's chest. The patient had experienced a similar incident, accompanied by breathing difficulty, with intravenous tobramycin 4 years príor to this incident. The patient had been skin-tested for tobramycin allergy and had been desensitized and was receiving tobramycin since that time without incident. The patient's desensitization was maintained with tobramycin 160 mg/d hs by nebulization, but the drug had been discontinued by the patient 6 months prior to the latest event. Discussion: Hypersensitivity reactions to aminoglycosides are unusual. Hypersensitivity to 1 aminoglycoside antibiotic frequently is associated with hypersensitivity to at least 1 other aminoglycoside. In patients who develop hypersensitivity to an aminoglycoside antibiotic, desensitization may be an effective alternative to changing therapy. Conclusions: Tobramycin is very important in the drug regimen for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Effective desensitization can be maintained by daily administration of nebulized tobramycin.

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