Levels of trehalose and glycogen in Frankia sp. HFPArI3 (Actinomycetales)

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary F. Lopez ◽  
Mark S. Fontaine ◽  
John G. Torrey

The levels of soluble trehalose were compared in Frankia sp. ArI3 under various conditions in batch culture. Trehalose appears to be a specialized carbon reserve which is synthesized upon transfer of cultures to fresh medium; thereafter it is metabolized and broken down. Levels reach a peak of 10–20% cell dry weight depending on cultural conditions, then drop to a minimum of 1–2% cell dry weight. A similar pattern is observed whether cells are grown in a medium containing NH4Cl or in a medium lacking nitrogen substrates; however, the total levels of trehalose are higher in the latter. The levels of endogenous trehalose showed an inverse correlation with a sharp increase in nitrogenase activity. When cells were inoculated into a medium lacking nitrogen to induce fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, trehalose levels reached their peak in 4 days. The nitrogenase activity (measured with the acetylene reduction technique) increased sharply on the 4th to 5th day. Trehalose levels fell sharply from day 4 to day 5; when they fell to half their maximum, nitrogenase activity decreased sharply. Thereafter, the decline in trehalose concentration paralleled that of nitrogenase activity. When cells were washed free of exogenous carbon, the endogenous trehalose levels dropped to half the initial value in 1 h. The cells continued to respire for 2 days on endogenous reserves. In addition to trehalose, glycogen reserves were extracted from Frankia. At its maximum, the glycogen totalled approximately 10% of the dry weight of cultures grown on a medium supplemented with NH4Cl as exogenous nitrogen source, and decreased to ca. 1.0% dry weight in starved cultures. Glycogen did not accumulate significantly in cultures that were induced to fix nitrogen.


1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 608-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Tal ◽  
Yaacov Okon

Azospirillum brasilense Cd was grown in ammonium–malate mineral salts medium in batch culture and in chemostat continuous culture. It was found that poly-β-hydroxybutyrate synthesis was favored under oxygen limitation in chemostat culture and under high C/N ratios towards the end of exponential growth in batch culture. The degradation and synthesis of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate under starvation conditions occurred in a biphasic pattern and was affected by the poly-β-hydroxybutyrate content of the cells. During a 7-day incubation period in phosphate buffer, the survival and respiration rate of bacteria containing about 40% poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (dry weight) were higher than those of cells containing about 5% poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. Polymer-rich cells fixed atmospheric nitrogen in the absence of exogenous carbon and combined nitrogen. Biphasic nitrogenase activity was observed during starvation. When nitrogenase activity was high, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity was low and vice versa. Aerotactic response was higher in polymer-rich cells. In the presence of stress factors such as ultraviolet irradiation, dessication, and osmotic pressure poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-poor cells died more rapidly than poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-rich cells.



Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick K. Bollich ◽  
Edward P. Dunigan ◽  
A. Wahid M. Jadi

Greenhouse and laboratory investigations using four soils were conducted to determine the influence of seven herbicides on symbiotic nitrogen (N2) fixation by soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Davis’]. Soils were treated with recommended rates of herbicides immediately after planting. After 8 to 10 weeks the nodulated root systems were assayed for nitrogenase activity using the acetylene (C2H2) to ethylene (C2H4) reduction technique, and total numbers and dry weights of nodules were determined. Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] (0.3 kg/ha) decreased nodule dry weight and C2H4production per plant per hour in a Convent sandy loam. Alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] (2.2 kg/ha) and prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] (0.6 kg/ha) also decreased C2H4production per plant per hour in a Convent sandy loam, while metribuzin (0.6 kg/ha) increased C2H4production per plant per hour and per milligram of nodule dry weight in a Mhoon silt loam. Prometryn (1.7 kg/ha) increased production of C2H4per plant per hour in a Moreland silt loam. None of the herbicides affected C2H4production, nodule number, or nodule dry weight in a Commerce silt loam.



2020 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Е.В. Янченко

Цель исследований – дать оценку сохраняемости и болезнеустойчивости современных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой и определить корреляционные зависимости влияния биохимических показателей качества на сохраняемость и степень поражения моркови столовой различными видами болезней в процессе хранения. Исследования проводились в 2011–2016 годах во ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО по общепринятым методикам. В биохимической лаборатории отдела земледелия и агрохимии содержание сухого вещества определяли высушиванием до абсолютно сухого веса, общего сахара – по Бертрану, аскорбиновой кислоты – по Мурри, нитраты – ионоселективным методом. При характеристике моркови столовой важнейший показатель, определяющий его качество – количество сухого вещества и сахаров. В процессе хранения были выявлены следующие болезни моркови: серая гниль (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), белая гниль (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.)), белая парша (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), альтернариоз (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). В большей степени сортообразцы моркови столовой поражались серой гнилью. Лучшими по сохраняемости сортообразцами были Корсар (94,6%), F1Берлин (94,5%), Берликум Роял (94,1%) и F1 Звезда (94%). Сохраняемость у зарубежных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой была немного выше, чем у отечественных (на 0,4%) как за счет меньшей величины убыли массы (6,3% против 6,4%), так и потерь от болезней (1,6% против 1,9%). Сохраняемость корнеплодов моркови находится в прямой корреляционной зависимости от содержания сухого вещества (r=+0,41), каротиноидов (r=+0,39), моносахаров (r­=+0,30) и суммы сахаров (r=+0,27). Проявление серой гнили находится в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества и каротиноидов (r=-0,37 и r=-0,35 соответственно), белой парши – в прямой корреляции с содержанием сухого вещества , моносахаров и дисахаров (r= +0,21; r= +0,39; r= -0,41 соответственно), белой гнили в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества, моносахаров и дисахаров. The purpose of the research is to assess the persistence and disease resistance of modern varieties and hybrids of carrots and to determine the correlation between the influence of biochemical quality indicators on the persistence and degree of damage to carrots by various types of diseases during storage. The research was conducted in 2011–2016 at ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSVC, according to generally accepted methods. In the biochemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry, the dry matter content was determined by drying to absolutely dry weight, total sugar – by Bertran, ascorbic acid – by Murri, nitrates – by the ion-selective method. When describing carrots, the most important indicator that determines its quality is the amount of dry matter and sugars. During storage, the following diseases of carrots were detected: gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), white scab (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), alternariasis (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). To a greater extent, varieties of table carrots were affected by gray rot. The best preserved varieties were Corsar (94.6%), F1 Berlin (94.5%), Berlicum Royal (94.1%) and F1 Zvezda (94%). The persistence of foreign varieties and hybrids of table carrots was slightly higher than that of domestic ones by 0.4%. both due to a smaller amount of weight loss (6.3% vs. 6.4%) and losses from diseases (1.6% vs. 1.9%). The persistence of carrot root crops is directly correlated with the content of dry matter (r=+0.41), carotenoids (r=+0.39), monosaccharides (r=+0.30) and the amount of sugars (r=+0.27). The manifestation of gray rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter and carotenoids (r=-0.37 and r=-0.35, respectively), white scab is in direct correlation with the content of dry matter (r= +0.21; r= +0.39; r= –0.41, respectively), white rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter, monosaccharides and disaccharides.



1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rai

SummaryHigh-temperature-adapted strains RAU 1, RAU 2 and RAU 3 ofAzospirillum brasilenseC 7 were isolated from stepwise transfer to higher temperature (30 to 42 °C). One of the strains (RAU 1) showed more growth, greater nitrogenase and hydrogenase activities at 30 and 42 °C than parental and other temperature-adapted strains. This strain also showed growth and more nitrogenase activity from pH 6·5 to 8·0. Strain RAU 1 showed cross-resistance to penicillin (300/µg/ml) but not to streptomycin, kanamycin, viomycin and polymixin B at 30 and 42 °C. It was demonstrated in field plots in calcareous soil that seed inoculation with RAU 1 enhanced mineral uptake of cheena. Inoculation with RAU 1 led to a significant increase in associative nitrogen fixation, dry weight of roots, grain and straw yield of cheena compared with the uninoculated control with or without applied N, but the effect of seed inoculation with high-temperature-adapted strains was variable with different genotypes of cheena.



2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Singh ◽  
D. Wright

Effects of one pre-emergence herbicide (terbutryn/terbuthylazine) and one post-emergence herbicide (bentazone) along with unweeded and hand-weeded controls on weeds and on the nodulation, nitrogenase activity, nitrogen content, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum) were studied. Terbutryn/terbuthylazine was applied pre-emergence @ 1.40, 2.80 and 5.60 kg/hawhereas bentazone was sprayed 6 weeks after sowing @ 1.44, 2.88 and 5.76 kg/h. Terbutryn/terbuthylazine controlled all the weeds very effectively, whereas bentazone did not control some weeds such as Polygonum aviculare, Poa annua and Elymus repens. The herbicides decreased the number of nodules, the dry weight of nodules, the nitrogenase activity, the shoot dry weight, the nitrogen content in the straw and seeds, and the seed yield of peas, the effects generally being higher at higher rates of application. The adverse effects of herbicides on these parameters might be due to their effects on plant growth, as both the herbicides are known to adversely affect photosynthesis. Nitrogenase activity did not correlate well with plant-N content or shoot dry weight. However, there was a strong relationship between plant biomass and plant-N content, which suggests that researchers can rely on these parameters for studying the effects of treatments on nitrogen fixation, rather than measuring nitrogenase activity.



2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1896-1906
Author(s):  
Tomomi Inoue ◽  
Ayato Kohzu ◽  
Ayako Shimono

Abstract Nitrogen-fixing activity has been observed in the rhizosphere of mangrove ecosystems, suggesting a close mangrove–diazotroph relationship. In regularly flooded soil, however, the pathway by which atmospheric nitrogen reaches the diazotrophs in the rhizosphere is unknown. This study provides evidence that mangrove aerial roots serve as pathways that supply nitrogen gas to the diazotrophs colonizing buried roots. A plastic chamber was attached on the exposed part of a Rhizophora stylosa Griff prop root, and 15N2 tracer gas was injected into it. The entire root, including the below-ground part, was collected for analysis of 15N labelling and nitrogenase activity. We detected 15N labelling in buried root materials 2 h after gas injection. Compared with the δ15N contents in root material from an untreated tree, the increment was >10‰ in lateral roots. The nitrogenase activity measured on the other R. stylosa roots was highest in lateral roots, matching well with the results of 15N labelling. Our results indicate that atmospheric nitrogen is taken into aerial mangrove roots through lenticels, diffuses into the buried root system and is fixed by diazotrophs. The unusual appearance of mangrove aerial roots, which has intrigued researchers for many years, could be a key to the high productivity of mangrove ecosystems.



1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Sirois ◽  
E. A. Peterson

A method for screening Rhizobium meliloti isolates for their symbiotic nitrogenase activity with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Apollo is described. The nitrogenase activity of each isolate is assessed by measuring the reduction of acetylene (C2H2) to ethylene (C2H4) by 50 intact plants grown in 10 plastic pouches for 2 weeks. The method is rapid, sensitive, reproducible, and accurate enough to differentiate 29 Rhizobium isolates and 5 authentic strains into 13 subsets. Under the experimental conditions used, nodulation occurred within 5 days of inoculation and there was a significant positive relationship between the nitrogenase activity of those isolates which reduced more than 60 nmol C2H2∙plant−1∙h−1 and the dry weight of the shoots of the nodulated plants in 2 weeks of growth.



1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rai

SummaryNitrosoguanidine-induced mutation frequencies for resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin, erythromycin and novomycin were studied inAzospirillum brasilense.Lentil inoculated withA. brasilenseand its mutants andRhizobiumstrains produced increased nodule dry weight, nitrogenase activity of nodules and roots and grain yield compared with an uninoculated control.



1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond McNeil ◽  
Mirian Carrera de Itriago

The scissors-tailed flycatcher (Muscivora t. tyrannus) and the small-billed elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris) are two migrating bird species which come to Venezuela during the austral winter from the austral regions of South America. A quantitative analysis of the fat deposits in specimens of both species collected in northeastern Venezuela showed a considerable increase in the amount of fat at the end of the molt, before the beginning of the spring migration. The data indicate that Elaenia parvirostris arrives at its winter ground before initiating the molt, still having a high amount of fat (50% of lean dry weight). On the other hand, Muscivora t. tyrannus seems to arrive at the winter ground after the initiation of the molt with a low fat level. While the lean dry weight remained constant during the whole austral winter, the total dry weight fluctuated in a parallel direction with the fat deposition. The lean fresh weight rose at the time of higher molt intensity, parallel with an increase of water content. The fresh weight first increased at the time of higher molt intensity in proportion to an increase of water and a decrease of fat, and secondly at the end of the molt in proportion to a considerable increase of fat and a decrease of water. We suggest that the inverse correlation found between the water index and the fat index could allow the bird to load itself with more fuel at the beginning of the migration, without increasing its total weight too much, an important factor to consider since the bird is fighting gravity during flight. The estimation of the potential flight-ranges showed that any of both species could fly more than 1500 km in a non-stop flight. We suggest that both species begin the migration making short flights and accumulate more and more fat on each stop-point, in such a way that they could make longer and longer flights as they come nearer to the breeding ground. A gradual increase in fat reserves may have an adaptive value.



1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (18) ◽  
pp. 2218-2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Smith ◽  
D. G. Patriquin

Excised root samples from 901 plants, representing 130 species of nonnodulated angiosperms largely in upland, pioneering habitats, were assayed for nitrogenase activity by the acetylene-reduction technique after overnight preincubation of the samples under low pO2. Most samples and most species exhibited very low excised root acetylene-reducing activities, but for 19 species, maximum values were greater than 50 nmol C2H4∙g−1∙h−1. In situ C2H2 assays, conducted on 10 species which had exhibited maximum excised root activities greater than 10 nmol C2H4∙g−1∙h−1, indicated average belowground N2-fixation rates of 3 to 92 g N∙ha−1∙day−1 and maxima greater than 100 g N∙ha−1∙day−1 for 3 of the 10 species. The highest values were for grasses characteristic of poorly drained soils and for some dicotyledonous weeds. It is concluded that the potential of temperate-zone angiosperms for nitrogenase activity by 'associative symbioses' approaches that of tropical forage grasses.



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