Interactions between Treponema bryantii and cellulolytic bacteria in the in vitro degradation of straw cellulose

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kudo ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
J. W. Costerton
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Acid Generation ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Treponema Bryantii

To assess the contribution of individual bacterial species to the overall process of cellulose digestion in the rumen, cellulolytic bacteria (Bacteroides succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus) were tested as pure cultures and as cocultures with noncellulolytic Treponema bryantii. In studies of in vitro barley straw digestion, Treponema cocultures surpassed pure cultures of the cellulolytic organisms in dry matter disappearance, volatile fatty acid generation, and in the production of succinic acid, lactic acid, and ethanol. Morphological examination, by electron microscopy, showed that cells of T. bryantii associate with the plant cell wall materials in straw, but that cellulose digestion occurs only when these organisms are present with cellulolytic species such as B. succinogenes. These results show that cellulolytic bacteria interact with noncellulolytic Treponema to promote the digestion of cellulosic materials.

Study of the relation between straw quality and its colonization by rumen micro-organisms

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siva Bhat ◽  
R. J. Wallace ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Barley Straw ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens ◽  
Selenomonas Ruminantium ◽  
Cmcase Activity ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Micro Organisms

SummaryThe relation between the dry-matter degradability (DMD) of different cultivars of barley straw and their colonization by rumen micro-organisms was studied in incubations of straw with the mixed populationin situand with pure cultures of rumen bacteriain vitro.The total attached populationin situwas quantified by particle-associated i glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity, while the cellulolytic population was assessed by bound carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activity. CMCase reached a peak between 24 and 36 h incubation, and the peak activity was highly correlated with DMD between 24 ) and 96 h. After 36 h, CMCase activity declined, particularly with the more degradable (varieties. GDH continued to increase after 36 h and had no relation to DMD. The adhesion of pure cultures of both cellulolytic and non-cellulolytic bacteria was measured i turbidimetrically in a 30 min incubation. No relation was found between DMD and the extent of adhesion by any ofRuminococcus flavefaciens, Bacteroides succinogenes,Butyrivibrio fibrisolvensorSelenomonas ruminantium.It was concluded the rate of degradation of straw is not determined by the initial rate of attachment of cellulolytic micro-organisms, but by the way in which colonization subsequently develops after attachment takes place

scholarly journals Ability of the soil cellulolytic bacteria to colonize endophytic niche of barley grains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.V. Sviridova ◽  
◽  
N.I. Vorobyov ◽  
Ya.V. Pukhalsky ◽  
O.N. Kurchak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Biological Product ◽  
Presowing Treatment ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Barley Grains

To identify microorganisms that can penetrate into the endophytic niche of the grain of barley plants, many years of vegetative experiments were conducted on sod-podzolic soil without the use of mineral fertilizers. In the non-growing season, a biological product, consisting of cellulolytic association of bacteria with genotypic passport, decomposed barley straw. Presowing treatment of seeds was not carried out, therefore, during the growing season; local microorganisms decomposing plant residues could be present in the barley rhizosphere. After six years of rotation of barley plants, the microbiological composition of its seed niche was studied. As a result, it was found that in the seeds of barley bacteria are present in an amount of 240 ± 20 CFU/g of grain. Isolated pure cultures of microorganisms were identified as Cellulomonas gelida, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus licheniformis by the sequence of ITS fragments of 16S rRNA. These types of bacteria were also present in the used biological product. Based on the research conducted, it can be assumed, that permanent cultivation of barley plants and sowing of seeds of the previous year can contribute to the formation of effective microbial and plant biosystems that are resistant to environmental stress.

scholarly journals Improvement in Saccharification Yield of Mixed Rumen Enzymes by Identification of Recalcitrant Cell Wall Constituents Using Enzyme Fingerprinting

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Badhan ◽  
Yu-Xi Wang ◽  
Robert Gruninger ◽  
Donald Patton ◽  
Justin Powlowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Statistical Experimental Design ◽  
Enzyme Pretreatment ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

Identification of recalcitrant factors that limit digestion of forages and the development of enzymatic approaches that improve hydrolysis could play a key role in improving the efficiency of meat and milk production in ruminants. Enzyme fingerprinting of barley silage fed to heifers and total tract indigestible fibre residue (TIFR) collected from feces was used to identify cell wall components resistant to total tract digestion. Enzyme fingerprinting results identified acetyl xylan esterases as key to the enhanced ruminal digestion. FTIR analysis also suggested cross-link cell wall polymers as principal components of indigested fiber residues in feces. Based on structural information from enzymatic fingerprinting and FTIR, enzyme pretreatment to enhance glucose yield from barley straw and alfalfa hay upon exposure to mixed rumen-enzymes was developed. Prehydrolysis effects of recombinant fungal fibrolytic hydrolases were analyzed using microassay in combination with statistical experimental design. Recombinant hemicellulases and auxiliary enzymes initiated degradation of plant structural polysaccharides upon application and improved thein vitrosaccharification of alfalfa and barley straw by mixed rumen enzymes. The validation results showed that microassay in combination with statistical experimental design can be successfully used to predict effective enzyme pretreatments that can enhance plant cell wall digestion by mixed rumen enzymes.

The engulfment and digestion of mixed rumen bacteria and individual bacterial species by single and mixed species of rumen ciliate protozoa grownin vivo

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Coleman ◽  
Deborah C. Sandford
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Rumen Bacterium ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens ◽  
Rumen Protozoa ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

SUMMARYFive species of rumen ciliate protozoa, isolated from sheep in which they were the only ciliate protozoon, and mixed rumen ciliates were incubated with labelled bacteria and the rate of uptake and digestion of the bacteria was followed. Evidence is presented that mixed rumen bacteria labelled by incubation with14C-isoleucine,14C-guanine or35S-sulphate were engulfed more rapidly by the protozoa than those labelled with14C-glucose but that, withEntodiniumspp. at least, this apparent lower rate of uptake was associated with an increased rate of digestion. The rate of uptake of mixed rumen bacteria (at 109/ml) varied from 230 to 2670 bacteria/protozoon per hour, depending on the protozoal species, and increased with increasing bacterial population density. Starvation of the protozoa decreased the initial rate of uptake of bacteria by up to 60% and the length of time over which the protozoa would engulf bacteria.Entodiniumspp. andEpidinium ecaudatum caudatumengulfed fewer bacteria when these bacteria were prepared from the same sheep as the protozoa than when they were prepared from sheep with no or other protozoal populations. Of the protozoa tested, onlyEntodiniumspp. and the mixed large rumen protozoa digested mixed rumen bacteria,Eremoplastron bovisandEpidinium ecaudatum caudatumbeing inactive. It is suggested that previous estimates of the rate of uptake and digestion of bacteria based on studiesin vitrowere too high.The non-rumen bacteriaEschericfoia coliandKlebsiella aerogenesand the rumen bacteriumMegasphaera elsdeniiwere not or only poorly taken up by the protozoa.Entodiniumspp. selectively engulfed bacteria of rumen origin and digested two cellulolytic bacteria rapidly. In contrast,Eremplastron bovisengulfed these cellulolytio bacteria more slowly than other bacteria.Entodiniumspp. and the large rumen protozoa digested more bacterial species than the other protozoa butButyrivibrio fibrisolvenswas digested more rapidly than other bacteria by all the protozoa.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

Production of Novel Bioactive Compounds by the Bacteria Associated with Some Marine Sponges of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, Southeast Coast of India

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
V. Ramadas ◽  
G. Chandralega
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Gulf Of Mannar ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Palk Bay ◽  
Excellent Source

Sponges, exclusively are aquatic and mostly marine, are found from the deepest oceans to the edge of the sea. There are approximately 15,000 species of sponges in the world, of which, 150 occur in freshwater, but only about 17 are of commercial value. A total of 486 species of sponges have been identified in India. In the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay a maximum of 319 species of sponges have been recorded. It has been proved that marine organisms are excellent source of bioactive secondary metabolites and number of compounds of originated from marine organisms had been reported to possess in-vitro and in-vivo immuno stimulatory activity. Extracts from 20 sponge species were tested for bacterial symbionts and bioactive compounds were isolated from such associated bacterial species in the present study.

Factors Influencing in Vitro Rumen Cellulose Digestion

1956 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1180-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Huhtanen ◽  
R.F. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Factors Influencing

Substrate use prioritization by a coculture of five species of gut bacteria fed mixtures of arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, β-glucan, and pectin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Liu ◽  
AL Heath ◽  
B Galland ◽  
N Rehrer ◽  
L Drummond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Plant Polysaccharides ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota

© 2020 American Society for Microbiology. Dietary fiber provides growth substrates for bacterial species that belong to the colonic microbiota of humans. The microbiota degrades and ferments substrates, producing characteristic short-chain fatty acid profiles. Dietary fiber contains plant cell wall-associated polysaccharides (hemicelluloses and pectins) that are chemically diverse in composition and structure. Thus, depending on plant sources, dietary fiber daily presents the microbiota with mixtures of plant polysaccharides of various types and complexity. We studied the extent and preferential order in which mixtures of plant polysaccharides (arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, β-glucan, and pectin) were utilized by a coculture of five bacterial species (Bacteroides ovatus, Bifidobacterium longum subspecies longum, Megasphaera elsdenii, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Veillonella parvula). These species are members of the human gut microbiota and have the biochemical capacity, collectively, to degrade and ferment the polysaccharides and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). B. ovatus utilized glycans in the order β-glucan, pectin, xyloglucan, and arabinoxylan, whereas B. longum subsp. longum utilization was in the order arabinoxylan, arabinan, pectin, and β-glucan. Propionate, as a proportion of total SCFAs, was augmented when polysaccharide mixtures contained galactan, resulting in greater succinate production by B. ovatus and conversion of succinate to propionate by V. parvula. Overall, we derived a synthetic ecological community that carries out SCFA production by the common pathways used by bacterial species for this purpose. Systems like this might be used to predict changes to the emergent properties of the gut ecosystem when diet is altered, with the aim of beneficially affecting human physiology. This study addresses the question as to how bacterial species, characteristic of the human gut microbiota, collectively utilize mixtures of plant polysaccharides such as are found in dietary fiber. Five bacterial species with the capacity to degrade polymers and/or produce acidic fermentation products detectable in human feces were used in the experiments. The bacteria showed preferential use of certain polysaccharides over others for growth, and this influenced their fermentation output qualitatively. These kinds of studies are essential in developing concepts of how the gut microbial community shares habitat resources, directly and indirectly, when presented with mixtures of polysaccharides that are found in human diets. The concepts are required in planning dietary interventions that might correct imbalances in the functioning of the human microbiota so as to support measures to reduce metabolic conditions such as obesity.

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