PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND VOLATILE ACIDS BY MUSCLE FROM ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Harpur ◽  
W. R. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure ◽  
Specific Fraction

Under anaerobic conditions the production of carbon dioxide by chopped ascaris muscle is enhanced by the presence of carbon dioxide. This effect is not due to a lowering of the pH since raising the pH actually increases the effect. In addition to manometric measurements changes in the volatile acids were studied. Since the chromatographic procedure employed did not distinguish between isomers, the acid fractions have been designated by the number of carbon atoms contained by the acid normally eluted in each specific fraction. When minced or chopped muscle is incubated in an atmosphere of N2/CO2, 93/7, there is an increase in the C5and C4acid fractions in addition to a small but significant increase in the C2acid fraction. The ratio of C5produced to CO2evolved is 1:3. On the other hand the C3and C2acid fractions are increased under aerobic conditions.

PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND VOLATILE ACIDS BY MUSCLE FROM ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1009-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Harpur ◽  
W. R. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure ◽  
Specific Fraction

Under anaerobic conditions the production of carbon dioxide by chopped ascaris muscle is enhanced by the presence of carbon dioxide. This effect is not due to a lowering of the pH since raising the pH actually increases the effect. In addition to manometric measurements changes in the volatile acids were studied. Since the chromatographic procedure employed did not distinguish between isomers, the acid fractions have been designated by the number of carbon atoms contained by the acid normally eluted in each specific fraction. When minced or chopped muscle is incubated in an atmosphere of N2/CO2, 93/7, there is an increase in the C5and C4acid fractions in addition to a small but significant increase in the C2acid fraction. The ratio of C5produced to CO2evolved is 1:3. On the other hand the C3and C2acid fractions are increased under aerobic conditions.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: VII. FERMENTATION OF WHEAT BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Agitation ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Ethanol Formation ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Aeration by mechanical agitation of 15% wheat mash fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa inhibited the formation of 2,3-butanediol and particularly of ethanol. Aeration of similar mashes by passage of finely dispersed air or oxygen at the rate of 333 ml. per minute per litre of mash increased the rate of formation and yield of 2,3-butanediol but inhibited ethanol formation. However, the over-all time required for the completion of fermentation was not shortened from the usual 72 to 96 hr. required for unaerated mashes. There was no evidence of a shift from fermentative to oxidative dissimilation. Under aerobic conditions, the final butanediol–ethanol ratio was approximately 3:1. Anaerobic conditions, as produced by the passage of nitrogen or hydrogen through the mash, increased the rate of formation of both butanediol and ethanol and shortened the fermentation time to about 48 hr. Under these conditions, the butanediol–ethanol ratio was reduced to about 1.3:1.0. Carbon dioxide gave a butanediol–ethanol ratio resembling that of anaerobic fermentation but did not reduce fermentation time.

STUDIES ON THE BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

1944 ◽  
Vol 22b (5) ◽  
pp. 140-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. Stanier ◽  
Sybil B. Fratkin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Oxidation ◽  
Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Related Compounds

Aerobacter aerogenes, Aerobacillus polymyxa, and Aeromonas hydrophila, representatives of the three genera characterized by a butanediol fermentation, can all oxidize 2,3-butanediol under aerobic conditions. The configuration of the 2,3-butanediol has considerable bearing on its decomposability: Aerobacter aerogenes is inactive on the l-isomer, but attacks both meso- and d-isomers; Aeromonas hydrophila attacks the meso-isomer but not the l- and probably not the d-isomer; Aerobacillus polymyxa can oxidize both l- and meso-2,3-butanediol, but the rate with the former is many times greater than with the latter. Aerobacter aerogenes oxidizes both 2,3-butanediol and acetoin to carbon dioxide and water, a large part of the substrate being simultaneously assimilated. The other two organisms oxidize 2,3-butanediol to acetoin, but can further oxidize the acetoin thus formed only very slowly, if at all. Both Aerobacter aerogenes and Aerobacillus polymyxa are unable to attack 1,3-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and 1,2-ethancdiol. However they can oxidize 1,2-propanediol to acetol.

Effect of Multicomponent Mixtures on Cycles With Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Vesely ◽  
Vaclav Dostal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multicomponent Mixtures ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cycle Efficiency ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

With the increasing interest in solar and geothermal power plants as well as waste heat recovery systems from many technologies, the whole world is more focused on gas power cycles. Especially, the supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) cycles are very interesting for these applications. This is due to many advantages of the S-CO2 cycles over the other cycles such as a steam-water cycle or helium cycle. On the other hand, S-CO2 cycles have also disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is presence of impurities in the cycles. The big question is the effect of these impurities in the CO2, which can occur as impurities or can be suitably added to the pure CO2. From the previous research, it is obvious that binary mixtures affect the cycle as they influence cycle component design and thus the overall efficiency of the power cycle. The biggest effect of mixtures is on the heat exchangers and compressor, which operate close to the critical point. The positive effect of the binary mixtures is observed in the recuperative heat exchanger. On the other hand, negative effects occurs in the cooler. Therefore, the Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU) conducted research on supercritical carbon dioxide cycles, which is focused on the effect of the gaseous admixtures in S-CO2 on the different cycle components. The main goal of this paper is to describe the effect of gaseous admixtures on the efficiency of the cycles and their effect on each component. The first part of the study is focused on the calculation of the basic cycles for binary mixtures and description of the effect on the compressor and the cycle efficiency. The second part of the study is focused on the calculation of the basic cycles for multicomponent mixtures. In this part, the effect of the mixtures for different compositions and amounts of the individual mixture components will be presented. The calculations are performed for pure CO2 and then for selected multicomponent mixtures. A basic multicomponent mixture includes mixtures from technology of carbon capture and storage. Other multicomponent mixtures are combinations of previously investigated gaseous admixtures such as He, CO, O2, N2, H2, CH4 and H2S. The last part of the study is focused on the optimization of individual basic cycles for different amount of admixtures in CO2. The result of this study defines the optimum composition of multicomponent mixtures and describes their effect on the cycle efficiency for the particular utilization of S-CO2 cycle.

THE METABOLISM OF YEAST SPORULATION: III. RESPIRATION OF SPORULATING AND GROWING CELLS

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
O. Hoffmann-Ostenhof ◽  
Eszter Scheiber ◽  
O. Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Endogenous Respiration ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Sodium Pyruvate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Output

Cells from growth medium had a strong endogenous respiration under aerobic conditions with a respiratory quotient of approximately unity. In M/300 glucose, their oxygen uptake was somewhat greater than the endogenous, but the aerobic carbon dioxide output was approximately twice the oxygen uptake. When such cells were incubated in buffer no change in their respiration in glucose was noted in 2 days, but when incubated in 0.3% acetate the respiratory quotient declined to 1.3–1.5. This decline was evident within six hours of the time the cells were placed in acetate. Glucose (0.1%) also depressed the respiratory quotient. With two other sporulation substrates, sodium pyruvate (0.13%) and lactic acid (0.1%), the effect was not so pronounced, and a fifth, dihydroxyacetone (0.1%), seemed to have little or no effect. Spores developed more rapidly and became more abundant in the acetate than in any of the other compounds. The changes in the respiratory quotient did not show a clear correlation with either the amount or the rapidity of sporulation in the five sporulation substrates. When cells were incubated in acetate or in glucose for a day under anaerobic conditions their respiratory quotient did not decline. Some success was obtained in separating sporulated from non-sporulated cells by centrifuging. No difference was noted in the respiration of sporulated and non-sporulated cells. The respiratory quotient of cells from sporulated cultures returned to values characteristic of growing cells after 2 to 4 hours in growth medium.

scholarly journals LONG TERM IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 340-350
Author(s):  
Ewubare Dennis Brown ◽  
Ajisafe Femi Sammy
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Per Capita

This paper examined the effects of climate change on rural development in Nigeria. In this paper, rural development was measured by the percentage of the population with access to improved water supply. On the other hand, the measures of climate change employed in this paper are precipitations, variations in temperature and per capita carbon dioxide emissions. Data on the variables were sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the analytical techniques include descriptive statistics, unit root test, Hansen cointegration test and Fully-Modified Least Squares (FMOLS). The Kwiatkowski Phillips Schmidt and Shin (KPSS) unit test results show that the variables are mixed integrated with combinations of I(0) and I(1). It was observed from the Hansen test for cointegration that the test statistic with probability value (0.192) indicates that the variables are cointegrated. This suggests that the null hypothesis of parameter stability cannot be rejected. It was found from the estimated cointegrating regression model that precipitation and temperature are significant in influencing changes in access to improved water supply in rural Nigeria. Whilst precipitations negatively influenced access to rural water supply, changes in temperature enhanced rural water supply. The negative effects of precipitations on rural water supply could be attributed to the flooding usually associated with precipitations which tend to contaminate the various water sources in the rural areas. On the other hand, per capita carbon dioxide emissions do not significantly affect access to improved water supply in rural area. Given the findings, it was recommended for policy makers to adopt proactive and innovative approaches by synergizing with the relevant stakeholders to significantly address the problem of climate change and improve opportunities for rural development.

The metabolism of glucose and pyruvate in rat retina

1962 ◽  
Vol 156 (963) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Total Glucose

The metabolism of [U- 14 C]glucose and [3- 14 C]pyruvate in the adult rat retina is described. In vitro under aerobic conditions, in either phosphate or bicarbonate medium, glucose was converted into lactate, carbon dioxide, glutamate, γ -aminobutyrate, aspartate, glutamine and alanine. Under anaerobic conditions, total glucose metabolized was reduced to 60 to 70% of that under aerobic conditions, lactic acid being the only metabolic product detected. Under aerobic conditions [3- 14 C]pyruvate was converted by the retina into the same metabolites as was glucose. The quantitative data for oxygen uptake and 14 CO 2 formation were similar to those obtained with glucose as substrate; lactate production was lower and amino acid formation higher.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXV. DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY BACTERIA OF THE GENUS SERRATIA

1948 ◽  
Vol 26b (3) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
Florence M. Robertson ◽  
G. A. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Formation ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Typical Strain ◽  
Different Strains

The genus Serratia may be divided into three groups on the basis of three characteristic fermentations found under anaerobic conditions. The first group, comprised of all strains of S. marcescens, S. anolium, and S. indica tested and one strain named S. kielensis, dissimilates glucose as follows: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + HCOOH + CO2. The second group, containing S. plymouthensis and some unnamed strains, dissimilates glucose according to the equation: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + 2CO2 + H2. The third group containing only the most typical strain of S. kielensis carries out the reaction: C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2. These reactions account for approximately one-half of the glucose utilized, the remainder being accounted for chiefly by the ethanol and lactic acid fermentations which are found in varying proportions with different strains. All strains form some succinic acid, probably by carbon dioxide fixation. Under aerobic conditions carbon dioxide formation is stimulated, chiefly at the expense of formic acid with organisms of the first group, while hydrogen formation by organisms of the second and third groups is depressed.

THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ON PROTEINASE BIOSYNTHESIS BY STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS VAR. LIQUEFACIENS

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1445-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Swiencicki ◽  
Ronald E. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Streptococcus Faecalis ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Chemically Defined Media ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Enzyme Biosynthesis

The effect of O2and CO2on proteinase biosynthesis by nonproliferating cells of Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens in chemically defined media were studied. In the absence of CO2, O2(1% in N2) stimulated proteinase formation by promoting earlier synthesis and by increasing the rate of enzyme biosynthesis. Carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions only enhanced the rate of proteinase synthesis. The stimulatory effect of the two gases was not additive. Glucose supported a greater yield of proteinase than galactose under all conditions of O2and CO2availability. Galactose was stimulatory in the presence of glucose only under aerobic conditions (1% O2in N2) when atmospheric CO2was removed. Oxygen at the 20% level inhibited proteinase formation by increasing the rate of arginine disappearance from the medium.

The potential of bacterial photosynthesis in recycling of human wastes

1971 ◽  
Vol 179 (1056) ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Photosynthetic Bacteria ◽  
Potential Model ◽  
Bacterial Photosynthesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Human Wastes

(1) Potential uses of photosynthetie bacteria in the recycling of human wastes have been considered. It is concluded that systems using photosynthetic bacteria may have advantages over purely algal systems under conditions where total recycling is needed and energy is not abundant. (2) Two systems are proposed in which the metabolic potential of the photosynthetic bacteria might be realized. Both systems include an anaerobic recycling stage in which fermented wastes are converted to biomass by bacterial photosynthesis. In one system gaseous recycling is accomplished by a secondary algal reactor acting under aerobic conditions. In the other, oxygen is regenerated by electrolysis of water, and hydrogen and carbon dioxide are assimilated autotrophically under anaerobic conditions in the same bacterial photosynthesis reactor used for anaerobic recycling. (3) Advantages and disadvantages arising from the use of photosynthetic bacteria in recycling are discussed, and some potential model systems are proposed.

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