Triglyceride synthesis from various precursors in adipose tissue of the rat during development

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 735-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hahn ◽  
R. Greenberg ◽  
M. Dobiášová ◽  
Z. Drahota
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Glycerol Formation ◽  
White Fat ◽  
Vitro Data ◽  
In Vitro Data

The rate of incorporation of glucose-1- and -6-14C, pyruvate-1- and -2-14C, acetate-2-14C, citrate-1,5-14C, and NaH14CO3 into pieces of brown and white adipose tissue of fetal, newborn, and weaned rats was studied in vitro. Data indicate that brown adipose tissue becomes less important with age while the opposite holds for white fat. Gluconeogenetic reactions (glyceride glycerol formation) are accentuated in both fats in the suckling period, but more so in white adipose tissue. Fatty acid formation is also more pronounced in white adipose tissue from suckling rats. Oxidation of substrates is greater in brown than in white adipose tissue.

Thermogenic and metabolic consequences of thyroid hormone treatment in brown and white adipose tissue

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Williams ◽  
Rodney Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Glucose Incorporation ◽  
White Fat

Male rats were treated with triiodothyronine in the drinking water for 12 days. In vitro rates of isoprenaline stimulated lipolysis were significantly greater in brown but not white adipose tissue. Rates of [14C]glucose incorporation into triacylglycerols were significantly reduced in BAT (brown adipose tissue) and WAT (white adipose tissue) under basal and isoprenaline stimulated conditions, in a second experiment, hyperthyroid animals showed impaired weight gain, despite increased food intake during t9 days' treatment. Energy expenditure on days 5 and 12, and BAT core temperature differences (TBAT – TCORE) on day 19, were significantly greater than in control animals. Epididymal white fat pad weight was reduced and interscapular brown fat pad weight increased by triiodothyronine treatment.

scholarly journals Brown and white adipose tissues: intrinsic differences in gene expression and response to cold exposure in mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (8) ◽  
pp. E945-E964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meritxell Rosell ◽  
Myrsini Kaforou ◽  
Andrea Frontini ◽  
Anthony Okolo ◽  
Yi-Wah Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Neuregulin 4 ◽  
White Fat ◽  
Differential Properties

Brown adipocytes dissipate energy, whereas white adipocytes are an energy storage site. We explored the plasticity of different white adipose tissue depots in acquiring a brown phenotype by cold exposure. By comparing cold-induced genes in white fat to those enriched in brown compared with white fat, at thermoneutrality we defined a “brite” transcription signature. We identified the genes, pathways, and promoter regulatory motifs associated with “browning,” as these represent novel targets for understanding this process. For example, neuregulin 4 was more highly expressed in brown adipose tissue and upregulated in white fat upon cold exposure, and cell studies showed that it is a neurite outgrowth-promoting adipokine, indicative of a role in increasing adipose tissue innervation in response to cold. A cell culture system that allows us to reproduce the differential properties of the discrete adipose depots was developed to study depot-specific differences at an in vitro level. The key transcriptional events underpinning white adipose tissue to brown transition are important, as they represent an attractive proposition to overcome the detrimental effects associated with metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid on In Vitro Thermogenesis and Fatty Acid Compositions of Brown Adipose Tissue.

1998 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi OHINATA ◽  
Shyamal Kumar SAHA ◽  
Tomie OHNO ◽  
Noriaki HATA ◽  
Yoshihisa MISAWA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

scholarly journals miR17-92 cluster drives white adipose tissue browning

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Huang ◽  
Hanlin Zhang ◽  
Meng Dong ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Jun Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
And Function ◽  
White Fat

White adipose tissue (WAT) browning may have beneficial effects for treating metabolic syndrome. miRNA are important regulators of the differentiation, development, and function of brown and beige adipocytes. Here, we found that the cold-inducible miRNA17-92 cluster is enriched in brown adipose tissue (BAT) compared with WAT. Overexpression of the miR17-92 cluster in C3H10T1/2 cells, a mouse mesenchymal stem cell line, enhanced the thermogenic capacity of adipocytes. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in adiposity in adipose tissue-specific miR17-92 cluster transgenic (TG) mice. This finding is partly explained by dramatic increases in white fat browning and energy expenditure. Interestingly, the miR17-92 cluster stimulated WAT browning without altering BAT activity in mice. In addition, when we removed the intrascapular BAT (iBAT), the TG mice could maintain their body temperature well under cold exposure. At the molecular level, we found that the miR17-92 cluster targets Rb1, a beige cell repressor in WAT. The present study reveals a critical role for the miR17-92 cluster in regulating WAT browning. These results may be helpful for better understanding the function of beige fat, which could compensate for the lack of BAT in humans, and may open new avenues for combatting metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Brown preadipocyte transplantation locally ameliorates obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-447
Author(s):  
Kento Takaya ◽  
Naruhito Matsuda ◽  
Toru Asou ◽  
Kazuo Kishi
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Mouse ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Brown Adipose

Background Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential target for anti-obesity treatments. Previous studies have shown that BAT activation causes an acute metabolic boost and reduces adiposity. Furthermore, BAT and BAT-derived cell transplantation reportedly help treat obesity by regulating glucose and fatty acid metabolism. However, since BAT transplantation leads to whole-body weight loss, we speculated that earlier approaches cause a generalized and unnecessary fat tissue loss, including in breast and hip tissues.Methods We transplanted white adipose tissue-derived or BAT-derived preadipocytes prepared from C57BL/6 mice into one side of the inguinal fat pads of an obese mouse model (db/ db mice) to examine whether it would cause fat loss at the peri-transplant site (n=5 each). The same volume of phosphate-buffered saline was injected as a control on the other side. Six weeks after transplantation, the inguinal fat pad was excised and weighed. We also measured the concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, fatty acids, and total cholesterol in the peripheral blood.Results BAT-derived preadipocytes showed abundant mitochondria and high levels of mitochondrial membrane uncoupling protein 1 expression, both in vivo and in vitro, with a remarkable reduction in weight of the inguinal fat pad after transplantation (0.17±0.12 g, P=0.043). Only free fatty acid levels tended to decrease in the BAT-transplanted group, but the difference was not significant (P=0.11).Conclusions Our results suggest that brown adipocytes drive fat degradation around the transplantation site. Thus, local transplantation of BAT-derived preadipocytes may be useful for treating obesity, as well as in cosmetic treatments.

scholarly journals Acute cold-induced suppression of ob (obese) gene expression in white adipose tissue of mice: mediation by the sympathetic system

1995 ◽  
Vol 311 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Trayhurn ◽  
J S Duncan ◽  
D V Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Sympathetic System ◽  
Obese Gene ◽  
Ob Gene ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
White Fat

The effect of acute exposure to cold on the expression of the ob (obese) gene, which encodes a protein that plays a critical role in the regulation of energy balance and body weight, has been examined in epididymal white adipose tissue of mice. Overnight (18 h) exposure of mice to a temperature of 4 degrees C led to the disappearance of ob mRNA in epididymal white fat, and subsequent studies showed that a cold-induced loss of ob mRNA could occur in as little as 2-4 h of exposure to 4 degrees C. When mice exposed to cold for 18 h were returned to the warm (24 degrees C), there was a rapid stimulation of the expression of the ob gene, the mRNA returning within 2.5 h. Administration of noradrenaline led to a reduction in the level of ob mRNA in mice maintained in the warm, while isoprenaline resulted in the disappearance of the mRNA; these changes in ob mRNA were paralleled by similar changes in lipoprotein lipase mRNA. In contrast to white fat, the level of lipoprotein lipase mRNA in brown adipose tissue was increased by noradrenaline and isoprenaline. It is concluded that there is a cold-induced suppression of ob gene expression in white adipose tissue of mice and that this is mediated primarily by the sympathetic system. The profound effect of cold on ob gene expression indicates that the ob system relates to energy expenditure, as well as to satiety.

Beiging of white adipose tissue as a therapeutic strategy for weight loss in humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baskaran Thyagarajan ◽  
Michelle T. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Utilization ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
And Storage

AbstractAn imbalance between energy intake and expenditure leads to obesity. Adiposity associated with obesity progressively causes inflammation, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Excessive dietary intake of fat results in its accumulation and storage in the white adipose tissue (WAT), whereas energy expenditure by fat utilization and oxidation predominately occurs in the brown adipose tissue (BAT). Recently, the presence of a third type of fat, referred to as beige or brite (brown in white), has been recognized in certain kinds of WAT depots. It has been suggested that WAT can undergo the process of browning in response to stimuli that induce and enhance the expression of thermogenes characteristic of those typically associated with brown fat. The resultant beige or brite cells enhance energy expenditure by reducing lipids stored within adipose tissue. This has created significant excitement towards the development of a promising strategy to induce browning/beiging in WAT to combat the growing epidemic of obesity. This review systematically describes differential locations and functions of WAT and BAT, mechanisms of beiging of WAT and a concise analysis of drug molecules and natural products that activate the browning phenomenon in vitro and in vivo. This review also discusses potential approaches for targeting WAT with compounds for site-specific beiging induction. Overall, there are numerous mechanisms that govern browning of WAT. There are a variety of newly identified targets whereby potential molecules can promote beiging of WAT and thereby combat obesity.

Brown and white adipose tissue metabolism in cold-exposed rats

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Steiner ◽  
G. F. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Adipose Tissue Metabolism ◽  
Epididymal Fat ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Fat Pads

Brown and white adipose tissue from rats exposed to 5 C for 9 days has been studied with reference to its composition and handling of glucose-U-C14 in vivo and in vitro. Brown adipose tissue from cold-exposed rats demonstrated a decreased lipid content per milligram nitrogen, due mainly to decreased amounts of neutral lipid with little change in phospholipid. The incorporation of glucose into neutral lipids, glyceride glycerol, and fatty acids was increased in vivo and in vitro. There was increased incorporation into CO2 in vitro and there was no change in glucose conversion to phospholipid in vivo. No changes in any of these were noted in epididymal fat pads. These findings suggest that cold exposure leads to alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue but not in epididymal fat pads. The possible role in thermogenesis is discussed.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Profiling Reveals That Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activation Has Coordinate Effects on Gene Expression in Multiple Insulin-Sensitive Tissues

Endocrinology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 1269-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Way ◽  
W. Wallace Harrington ◽  
Kathleen K. Brown ◽  
William K. Gottschalk ◽  
Scott S. Sundseth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Pparγ Agonists

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists, including the glitazone class of drugs, are insulin sensitizers that reduce glucose and lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To more fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying their therapeutic actions, we have characterized the effects of the potent, tyrosine-based PPARγ ligand GW1929 on serum glucose and lipid parameters and gene expression in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. In time-course studies, GW1929 treatment decreased circulating FFA levels before reducing glucose and triglyceride levels. We used a comprehensive and unbiased messenger RNA profiling technique to identify genes regulated either directly or indirectly by PPARγ in epididymal white adipose tissue, interscapular brown adipose tissue, liver, and soleus skeletal muscle. PPARγ activation stimulated the expression of a large number of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid metabolism in both white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. In muscle, PPARγ agonist treatment decreased the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, which represses oxidative glucose metabolism, and also decreased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid transport and oxidation. These changes suggest a molecular basis for PPARγ-mediated increases in glucose utilization in muscle. In liver, PPARγ activation coordinately decreased the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis. We conclude from these studies that the antidiabetic actions of PPARγ agonists are probably the consequence of 1) their effects on FFA levels, and 2), their coordinate effects on gene expression in multiple insulin-sensitive tissues.

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