Energy spectra of nuclear-active particles at mountain altitudes

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S686-S688 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Grigorov ◽  
V. A. Sobinyakov ◽  
Ch. A. Tretyakova ◽  
V. Ya. Shestoperov ◽  
Kh. P. Babayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Active Particles ◽  
Ionization Calorimeter

The results of measurements of the energy spectrum of nuclear-active particles carried out by means of an ionization calorimeter and an installation recording ionization bursts at the altitude of 3 200 m above sea level are presented.

Checking of the hypothesis of the existence of the baryon passive state by calorimeter telescope and the energy spectrum of nuclear-active particles at mountain altitude

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S706-S708
Author(s):  
A. D. Erlykin ◽  
A. K. Kulichenko ◽  
S. K. Machavariani ◽  
R. A. Nam ◽  
S. I. Nikolsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Passive State ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Active Particles ◽  
Ionization Calorimeter

In the Tien-Shan underground ionization calorimeter situated at a depth of about 13 m below the big ionization calorimeter (BIC), a search was made for jets which could be the continuation of nuclear cascades arising in BIC. The results obtained are used to check the hypothesis of the existence of the baryon passive state. Preliminary results on the spectrum of nuclear-active particles are given.

Inelastic interaction cross sections for nuclear-active particles of energy 5 × 1010 to 1012 eV on carbon and iron nuclei

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S689-S693 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Andronikashvili ◽  
G. E. Chikovani ◽  
D. I. Garibashvili ◽  
L. L. Gabunia ◽  
D. B. Kakauridze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Mean Free Path ◽  
Inelastic Interaction ◽  
Total Thickness ◽  
Active Particles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Interaction Cross Sections ◽  
Ionization Calorimeter

Inelastic interactions of nuclear-active particles in carbon and iron have been studied using cloud chambers in a magnetic field and an ionization calorimeter at Tskhra-Tskharo Pass at an altitude of 2 500 m above sea level. The installation consists of two cloud chambers 2 × 1 × 0.4 m3 in a magnetic field of 7 000 oersteds and an ionization calorimeter of total thickness about 800 g/cm2. It is triggered when an energy greater than 5 × 1010 eV is released in the ionization calorimeter. The measurements in carbon and iron can be taken simultaneously. Results taken up to the present show that the mean free path for carbon is (96 ± 13) g/cm2 and for iron (130 ± 6) g/cm2.

Energy spectrum of hadrons in cosmic rays at sea level

Nature ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 256 (5516) ◽  
pp. 387-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. ASHTON ◽  
A. J. SALEH
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Sea Level

Energy spectrum of cosmic-ray muons at sea level

1964 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1524-1540 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Miyake ◽  
V. S. Narasimham ◽  
P. V. Ramana Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Ray

Diffraction properties of a strongly bent diamond crystal used as a dispersive spectrometer for XFEL pulses

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liubov Samoylova ◽  
Ulrike Boesenberg ◽  
Aleksandr Chumakov ◽  
Vladimir Kaganer ◽  
Ilia Petrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Strain Gradient ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Diamond Crystal ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stochastic Nature

Self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) enables X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) to generate hard X-ray pulses of sub-100 fs duration. However, due to the stochastic nature of SASE, the energy spectrum fluctuates from pulse to pulse. Many experiments that employ XFEL radiation require the resolution of the spectrum of each pulse. The work presented here investigates the capacity of a thin strongly bent diamond crystal to resolve the energy spectra of hard X-ray SASE pulses by studying its diffraction properties. Rocking curves of the symmetric C*(440) reflection have been measured for different bending radii. The experimental data match the theoretical modelling based on the Takagi–Taupin equations of dynamical diffraction. A uniform strain gradient has proven to be a valid model of strain deformations in the crystal.

scholarly journals Energy spectra of muonic atoms in quantum electrodynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
pp. 05007 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Dorokhov ◽  
A. A. Krutov ◽  
A. P. Martynenko ◽  
F. A. Martynenko ◽  
O. S. Sukhorukova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Hyperfine Structure ◽  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
Vacuum Polarization ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Hyperfine Splittings ◽  
S States

Vacuum polarization, nuclear structure and recoil, radiative corrections to the hyperfine structure of S-states in muonic ions of lithium, beryllium and boron are calculated on the basis of quasipotential method in quantum electrodynamics. We consider contributions in first and second orders of perturbation theory which have the order α5 and α6 in the energy spectrum. Total values of hyperfine splittings are obtained which can be used for a comparison with future experimental data.

scholarly journals Measurement of ambient neutrons in an underground laboratory at the Kamioka Observatory

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keita Mizukoshi ◽  
Ryosuke Taishaku ◽  
Keishi Hosokawa ◽  
Kazuyoshi Kobayashi ◽  
Kentaro Miuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Neutron Flux ◽  
Thermal Neutron Flux ◽  
Spectral Shape ◽  
Underground Laboratory ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
Total Neutron ◽  
Important Input

Abstract Ambient neutrons are one of the most serious backgrounds for underground experiments searching for rare events. The ambient neutron flux in an underground laboratory at the Kamioka Observatory was measured using a $\mathrm{^3He}$ proportional counter with various moderator setups. Since the detector response largely depends on the spectral shape, the energy spectra of the neutrons transported from the rock to the laboratory were estimated by Monte Carlo simulations. The ratio of the thermal neutron flux to the total neutron flux was found to depend on the thermalizing efficiency of the rock. Therefore, the ratio of the count rate without a moderator to that with a moderator was used to determine this parameter. Consequently, the most likely neutron spectrum predicted by the simulations for the parameters determined by the experimental results was obtained. The result suggests an interesting spectral shape, which has not been indicated in previous studies. The total ambient neutron flux is $(23.5 \pm 0.7 \ \mathrm{_{stat.}} ^{+1.9}_{-2.1} \ \mathrm{_{sys.}}) \times 10^{-6}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. This result, especially the energy spectrum information, could be a new and important input for estimating the background in current and future experiments in the underground laboratory at the Kamioka Observatory.

scholarly journals Characterization of aerosol particles at Cabo Verde close to sea level and at the cloud level – Part 2: Ice-nucleating particles in air, cloud and seawater

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1451-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianda Gong ◽  
Heike Wex ◽  
Manuela van Pinxteren ◽  
Nadja Triesch ◽  
Khanneh Wadinga Fomba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Nucleation Temperature ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Cloud Droplets ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Active Particles ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the troposphere can form ice in clouds via heterogeneous ice nucleation. Yet, atmospheric number concentrations of INPs (NINP) are not well characterized, and, although there is some understanding of their sources, it is still unclear to what extend different sources contribute or if all sources are known. In this work, we examined properties of INPs at Cabo Verde (a.k.a. Cape Verde) from different environmental compartments: the oceanic sea surface microlayer (SML), underlying water (ULW), cloud water and the atmosphere close to both sea level and cloud level. Both enrichment and depletion of NINP in SML compared to ULW were observed. The enrichment factor (EF) varied from roughly 0.4 to 11, and there was no clear trend in EF with ice-nucleation temperature. NINP values in PM10 sampled at Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) at any particular ice-nucleation temperature spanned around 1 order of magnitude below −15 ∘C, and about 2 orders of magnitude at warmer temperatures (>-12 ∘C). Among the 17 PM10 samples at CVAO, three PM10 filters showed elevated NINP at warm temperatures, e.g., above 0.01 L−1 at −10 ∘C. After heating samples at 95 ∘C for 1 h, the elevated NINP at the warm temperatures disappeared, indicating that these highly ice active INPs were most likely biological particles. INP number concentrations in PM1 were generally lower than those in PM10 at CVAO. About 83±22 %, 67±18 % and 77±14 % (median±standard deviation) of INPs had a diameter >1 µm at ice-nucleation temperatures of −12, −15 and −18 ∘C, respectively. PM1 at CVAO did not show such elevated NINP at warm temperatures. Consequently, the difference in NINP between PM1 and PM10 at CVAO suggests that biological ice-active particles were present in the supermicron size range. NINP in PM10 at CVAO was found to be similar to that on Monte Verde (MV, at 744 m a.s.l.) during noncloud events. During cloud events, most INPs on MV were activated to cloud droplets. When highly ice active particles were present in PM10 filters at CVAO, they were not observed in PM10 filters on MV but in cloud water samples instead. This is direct evidence that these INPs, which are likely biological, are activated to cloud droplets during cloud events. For the observed air masses, atmospheric NINP values in air fit well to the concentrations observed in cloud water. When comparing concentrations of both sea salt and INPs in both seawater and PM10 filters, it can be concluded that sea spray aerosol (SSA) only contributed a minor fraction to the atmospheric NINP. This latter conclusion still holds when accounting for an enrichment of organic carbon in supermicron particles during sea spray generation as reported in literature.

The rate of energy loss of high-energy cosmic ray muons

1963 ◽  
Vol 275 (1362) ◽  
pp. 391-410 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Muon Spectrum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Muon Mass

The rate of energy loss of muons is examined by com paring the observed depth-intensity relation with that predicted from a knowledge of the sea-level energy spectrum of cosmic ray muons. The evidence for each of the parameters entering into the analysis is assessed and estimates are made of the sea-level muon spectrum up to 10000 GeV and the depth-intensity relation down to 7000 m.w.e. The effect of range-straggling on the underground intensities is considered and shown to be important at depths below 1000 m.w.e. Following previous workers the energy loss relation is written as -d E /d x =1.88+0.077 in E ' m / mc 2 + b E MeV g -1 cm 2 , where E ' m is the maximum transferrable energy in a /i-e collision and m is the muon mass. The first two terms give the contribution from ionization (and excitation) loss and the third term is the combined contribution from pair production, bremsstrahlung and nuclear interaction. The best estimate of the coefficient b from the present work is b = (3.95 + 0.25) x 10 -6 g -1 cm 2 over the energy range 500 to 10000 GeV, which is close to the theoretical value of 4.0 x 10 -6 g -1 cm 2 . It is concluded that there is no evidence for any marked anomaly in the energy loss processes for muons of energies up to 10000 GeV.

The effects of the nature of matter traversed by cosmic rays on their composition and energy spectrum

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S512-S514
Author(s):  
M. V. K. Apparao ◽  
S. Ramadurai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Ionization Loss ◽  
Usual Assumption ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Nature Of Matter

The effects of the state of ionization of the matter traversed by cosmic rays, and those due to the presence of helium in it, have been studied. The amount of matter traversed by cosmic rays expressed in g/cm2 deduced by the usual assumption that the matter traversed is all neutral hydrogen can be erroneous. The presence of helium increases this value, and a considerable portion of the matter is helium. The ionized (partial) nature of the matter increases the ionization loss of cosmic-ray nuclei. The effect of this on energy spectra has been demonstrated.

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