Settlement of a Furnace Foundation, Sorel, Quebec

1968 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Q Golder ◽  
J C Osler
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Overburden Pressure ◽  
Total Settlement ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Leda Clay ◽  
Settlement Analysis

The Smelter of Quebec Iron and Titanium Corporation at St. Joseph de Sorel, Quebec, is located in an area which is underlain by about 80 feet of compact stratified sand, silt, and clay, followed by at least 150 feet of Leda clay. Five furnaces were constructed during 1950–52, and four more furnaces have been added subsequently. Settlement records spanning some fifteen years are available for the original furnaces.Recently, it was decided to replace No. 1 Furnace with a new unit, the weight of which will be slightly more than twice that of the existing furnace. The present furnace is founded on 32 Franki piles of 75 tons capacity; the piles are 22 feet long and are cut off about 5 feet below ground level. As it was desired to incorporate the existing piles in the foundation for the new furnace it was necessary to know whether new piles could be driven and loaded together with the existing piles without causing overstressing of the latter, which had been preloaded by the weight of the existing furnace.A settlement analysis of the existing furnace foundation was undertaken, in which sensible agreement was obtained with the observed settlements. Predictions of the rebound of the existing furnace foundation during demolition were made and these were in approximate agreement with field observations. Finally, an estimate of the settlement which the new furnace will experience was made.A significant feature of the problem is that a large portion of the total settlement experienced to date is due to consolidation of the underlying Leda clay stratum, despite the fact that the furnace foundation areas are small in size compared to the thickness of the overlying granular deposits, thereby inducing only small increases in pressure in relation to the existing overburden pressure.

scholarly journals A Hotspot of Arid Zone Subterranean Biodiversity: The Robe Valley in Western Australia

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Huon L. Clark ◽  
Bruno A. Buzatto ◽  
Stuart A. Halse
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Ore Formation ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Groundwater Aquifers ◽  
Species Lists ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Drill Holes ◽  
Mining Exploration

Knowledge of subterranean fauna has mostly been derived from caves and streambeds, which are relatively easily accessed. In contrast, subterranean fauna inhabiting regional groundwater aquifers or the vadose zone (between surface soil layers and the watertable) is difficult to sample. Here we provide species lists for a globally significant subterranean fauna hotspot in the Robe Valley of the Pilbara region, Western Australia. This fauna was collected from up to 50 m below ground level using mining exploration drill holes and monitoring wells. Altogether, 123 subterranean species were collected over a distance of 17 km, comprising 65 troglofauna and 58 stygofauna species. Of these, 61 species were troglobionts and 48 stygobionts. The troglofauna occurs in small voids and fissures in mesas comprised mostly of an iron ore formation, while the stygofauna occurs in the alluvium of a river floodplain. The richness of the Robe Valley is not a localized aberration, but rather reflects the richness of the arid Pilbara region. While legislation in Western Australia has recognized the importance of subterranean fauna, mining is occurring in the Robe Valley hotspot with conditions of environmental approval that are designed to ensure species persistence.

scholarly journals Refinement of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Method for Rice Cultivation

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Lal Chandra Paul ◽  
MA Rashid ◽  
Mousumi Paul
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽  
Below Ground

Experiments were conducted at BRRI farm Gazipur during Boro season 2010-12 to determine maximum depth of water level below ground surface in alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four irrigation treatments. The treatments of AWD method were: T1 = continuous standing water, T2 = irrigation when water level reached 15 cm below ground level, T3 = irrigation when water level reached 20 cm below ground level and T4 = irrigation when water level reached 50 cm below ground level. The experiment involved BRRI dhan28 as a test crop. The treatment T2 gave the highest grain yield (5.9 and 6.2 ton/ha) in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Maximum benefits per hectare were found Tk. 5476 and 4931 for using 807 and 880 mm water during 2010-11 and 2011-12 respectively and thus water productivity was 7.1 kg/ha-mm in T2 for both the seasons. Continuous standing (T1) water (1013 and 1100 mm) gave comparable grain yield 5.7 and 6.0 ton/ha in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Minimum water productivity was found in treatment T1 (5.6 and 5.4 kg/ha-mm) for both the seasons. Application of irrigation when water was 15 cm below soil surface was found most profitable in AWD system and the grain yield was decreased when water level was below 15 cm depth. Therefore, the recommended AWD technology could increase rice yield and save irrigation water by 25-30 percent.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v17i1-2.20899Bangladesh Rice j. 2013, 17(1&2): 33-37

scholarly journals A MULTI-BASELINE 12 GHz ATMOSPHERIC PHASE INTERFEROMETER WITH ONE MICRON PATH LENGTH SENSITIVITY

2012 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250002 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT S. KIMBERK ◽  
TODD R. HUNTER ◽  
PATRICK S. LEIKER ◽  
RAYMOND BLUNDELL ◽  
GEORGE U. NYSTROM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Satellite Dish ◽  
Analog Correlator ◽  
Target Satellite

We have constructed a five station 12 GHz atmospheric phase interferometer (API) for the Submillimeter Array (SMA) located near the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Operating at the base of unoccupied SMA antenna pads, each station employs a commercial low noise mixing block coupled to a 0.7 m off-axis satellite dish which receives a broadband, white noise-like signal from a geostationary satellite. The signals are processed by an analog correlator to produce the phase delays between all pairs of stations with projected baselines ranging from 33–261 m. Each baseline's amplitude and phase is measured continuously at a rate of 8 kHz, processed, averaged and output at 10 Hz. Further signal processing and data reduction is accomplished with a Linux computer, including the removal of the diurnal motion of the target satellite. The placement of the stations below ground level with an environmental shield combined with the use of low temperature coefficient, buried fiber optic cables provides excellent system stability. The sensitivity in terms of rms path length is 1.3 microns which corresponds to phase deviations of about 1° of phase at the highest operating frequency of the SMA. The two primary data products are: (1) standard deviations of observed phase over various time scales, and (2) phase structure functions. These real-time statistical data measured by the API in the direction of the satellite provide an estimate of the phase front distortion experienced by the concurrent SMA astronomical observations. The API data also play an important role, along with the local opacity measurements and weather predictions, in helping to plan the scheduling of science observations on the telescope.

Field Observations on Adults of the Wheat Bulb Fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)).

1958 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Long
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Temperature Rhythm ◽  
Population Peak ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Number Of Males ◽  
Active Return

A study of adult populations of Wheat Bulb Ply, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.), has been carried out in the field by routine sweeping at Rothamsted. It has been observed that the males emerge slightly before the females and that the emergence period may cover at least three weeks in late June and early July. Although the number of males may exceed the number of females at first, the females predominate later in the season due to the shorter life span of the males.The numbers of flies on the wheat have been found to fluctuate appreciably throughout the day. During the first week of the emergence period the number of flies taken increased steadily throughout the day. After the date of population peak, however, the maximum numbers occurred in the crop in the very early morning and the late evening, which suggested a daily flight dispersion followed by a general or localised return of the flies to the crop. Further study of the data showed that the daily temperature rhythm was only partly responsible for this daily flight dispersion, and that there appeared to be an active return flight to the crop in the evening. Generally the males were more active than the females and did not settle so deeply in the crop.The temperature threshold for flight was observed to be 12 to 13°C. Winds up to 8 m.p.h. did not appear to affect flight activity, but higher winds, e.g., 15 m.p.h., markedly reduced flight, the flies remaining deep in the crop near ground level. Gale-force winds, however, were observed to produce a permanent depletion in the number of flies infesting Broadbalk field, indicating that the population was probably localised.Although portions of the populations dispersed fairly rapidly from the emergence sites, recaptures of radioactive flies labelled with 32P indicated that the extent of the dispersions was not very great. The females dispersed more than the males, and were influenced to some extent by the occurrence of wheat in flower. Frequently the flies were found to have congregated on the lee edge of the crop, but other preferred regions have been observed which could not be attributed to the influence of the wind.

scholarly journals Relationship between bud number in seed branches and yield aspects of sweet potato

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-457
Author(s):  
Amanda C Perrud ◽  
Lorrayne G Bavaresco ◽  
André R Zeist ◽  
Murilo HS Leal ◽  
André D Silva Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Tuberous Roots ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Below Ground

ABSTRACT Planting sweet potato branches with the appropriate bud number and disposition, below and above ground, can favor vegetative growth and yield that better fit the marketable standards. This study aimed to explore the influence of the number of buds and their distribution ratio, above and below ground level, on the agronomic and marketable components of sweet potato tuberous roots. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme (3 x 5), with 2, 4, and 8 above-ground buds combined with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 below-ground buds. Branches from the UZBD 06 accession (Canadense standard) were used. Vegetative, productive, and marketable traits of roots were evaluated. The use of branches with a greater number of buds above and below ground increased shoot dry biomass. Planting seed branches with 8 buds above and 8 buds below ground provided a greater number and production of marketable roots. The use of 10 buried buds increased root number and yield in the 150-450 g marketable classes, which the consumer market values the most.

scholarly journals Interpretation of aeromagnetic data over Abeokuta and its environs, Southwest Nigeria, using spectral analysis (Fourier transform technique)

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwaseun T. Olurin ◽  
Saheed A. Ganiyu ◽  
Olaide S. Hammed ◽  
Taiwo J. Aluko
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Aeromagnetic Data ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Magnetic Basement

AbstractThis study presents the results of spectral analysis of magnetic data over Abeokuta area, Southwestern Nigeria, using fast Fourier transform (FFT) in Microsoft Excel. The study deals with the quantitative interpretation of airborne magnetic data (Sheet No. 260), which was conducted by the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency in 2009. In order to minimise aliasing error, the aeromagnetic data was gridded at spacing of 1 km. Spectral analysis technique was used to estimate the magnetic basement depth distributed at two levels. The result of the interpretation shows that the magnetic sources are mainly distributed at two levels. The shallow sources (minimum depth) range in depth from 0.103 to 0.278 km below ground level and are inferred to be due to intrusions within the region. The deeper sources (maximum depth) range in depth from 2.739 to 3.325 km below ground and are attributed to the underlying basement.

scholarly journals Patch-maker around stumps

10.12737/3361 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-158
Author(s):  
Поздняков ◽  
Evgeniy Pozdnyakov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Removal ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Hydraulic Manipulator ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
Elastic Elements

Design of patch-maker is presented performing soil removal around the stump for its cleaning and lowering it below ground level to improve the performance of machines for grinding stumps, improve patency of tractor units and improve subsequent silviculture works in clearings. A device for increasing coverage, reducing the time and increasing productivity, is hung on boom of telescopic hydraulic manipulator. Working bodies of а patch-maker, with the aim of improving the quality of stump cleaning from dirt, are flexible and they are elastic elements in the form of pieces of rope.

scholarly journals Underground Architecture: Connections Between Ground-Level Public Space and Below-Ground Buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aimee Wright
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Design Theory ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Underground Space ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Successful Design ◽  
Below Ground

<p>The main objective of this research is to develop an underground space framework which establishes design solutions to underpin the successful design of underground buildings. The poorly conceived nature of contemporary underground space often means it has little, or no contribution to its above-ground environment, as it neglects the significant relationship between the ground plane, and above and belowground space. As a result of this omission towards its above-ground environment, urban design theory and practice have neglected the subject of underground space, where it is presented typically as ancillary spaces, of a highly fragmented nature. This problem is addressed through a literature review, establishing the treatment of underground space within urban design literature, a taxonomy analysis of the physical form of 90 contemporary underground buildings, and a discussion of the five archetypes of underground space. Developed from the findings of each of these research sections, an underground space framework is established. The framework is divided into six guideline categories with which each focusing on a major design issue relevant to underground space. The presentation of each guideline briefly states the issue, its objective, and then suggests various solutions for implementing the specific objective. The guidelines are intended to be flexible, where they are selected, developed and applied with regard to the underground buildings unique site and programme characteristics. The design case study, an extension of Wellingtons Museum of City and Sea located at Post Office Square, demonstrates how these guidelines can be used, through selecting, developing and then applying, suitable guidelines in response to its specific site and programme requirements. In total, the research suggests that the underground space framework can underpin the successful design of underground space through establishing strong physical connections between below ground and above ground public space. This can be achieved through blurring the boundaries between above and below -ground space, revealing historical underground elements above ground, and considering the underground as a viable option to resolving specific urban design issues present above ground.</p>

scholarly journals Effectiveness Analysis of Canal Blocking in Sub-peatland Hydrological Unit 5 and 6 Kahayan Sebangau, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 210205
Author(s):  
Yadi Suryadi ◽  
Indratmo Soekarno ◽  
Ivan Aliyatul Humam
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Satisfactory Result ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Groundwater Rise

The height of canal blocking has a significant influence on re-wetting peatland, depending on the canal’s distance. An effective canal in good condition has to raise the groundwater table to -0.4 m below ground level according to the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MENLHK). The effectiveness of different canal blockings was modeled by Freewat software with variation of canal distance (200 m, 250 m, 300 m, 350 m, and 400 m) and blocking height (0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m, 0.5 m, 0.6 m). This simulation was carried out using recharge and evapotranspiration data covering 20 years. The input of the conductivity value was done using 50 m/day according to the calibration. From the modeling, 0.6 m high canal blockings give a satisfactory result at every canal distance. The study took place during the annual dry season, when recharge was almost zero and average evapotranspiration was 6 mm/day. Adjusting the canal blocking to a maximum of 0.6 m and the canal distance to 400 m, the groundwater table slowly rose 0.38 m and it took 30 days to reach full-re-wetting capacity. This study revealed that the effectiveness of canal blocking is directly related to evapotranspiration and recharge, which has a positive correlation with the groundwater rise and the re-wetting period.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document