STUDIES ON THE THERMODYNAMICS AND CONDUCTANCES OF MOLTEN SALTS AND THEIR MIXTURES: PART IV. THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCES OF MOLTEN LITHIUM CHLORATE AND OF ITS MIXTURES WITH PROPYL ALCOHOL, LITHIUM NITRATE, WATER, METHYL ALCOHOL, AND LITHIUM HYDROXIDE

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1984-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
D. F. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Lithium Hydroxide ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Propyl Alcohol ◽  
Electrical Conductances ◽  
Molten Lithium

The electrical conductance and its temperature dependence of molten lithium chlorate have been determined. Similar results have been obtained for lithium chlorate melts containing small quantities of methyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, lithium nitrate, lithium hydroxide, and water.The results obtained, taken in conjunction with the results of previous work, all indicate that the melt is complex. There is probably considerable association and this is especially evident slightly above the melting point: at temperatures in this region the temperature change of the properties of the lithium chlorate melt is greatest.The activation energy of conductance is approximately the same as the activation energy of viscous flow, for pure lithium chlorate melt and for mixtures of lithium chlorate with lithium nitrate. From this it appears that the melt constituents are not principally the simple ions, but that some form of cohesion exists between the simple constituents of the melt.The addition of water to the lithium chlorate melt causes the melt properties to alter considerably, especially the transport properties, viscosity and conductance. It is suggested that these changes may in part be due to a breakup of the structural entities of the pure melt, though the increase in electrical conductance cannot be completely explained in this way. A cryoscopic investigation seems to indicate that water is •not present as such in the melt.

STUDIES ON THE THERMODYNAMICS AND CONDUCTANCES OF MOLTEN SALTS AND THEIR MIXTURES: PART III. DENSITIES, MOLAR VOLUMES, VISCOSITIES, AND SURFACE TENSIONS OF MOLTEN LITHIUM CHLORATE, WITH SMALL ADDITIONS OF WATER, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1778-1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
D. F. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Molten Lithium

The density (2.088 g ce−1) at 131.8 °C and viscosity (0.35 P at 131.8 °C) and their temperature dependence, of molten lithium chlorate, have been determined. Similar results have been obtained for lithium chlorate melts containing small quantities of water. The surface tension and its temperature dependence have been determined for lithium chlorate and for several lithium chlorate – water and lithium chlorate – lithium nitrate mixtures. From these measurements the surface heat has been calculated.The results for pure lithium chlorate indicate that the melt is complex, this complexity probably caused by association of some kind. This is especially evident just above the melting point, since there the temperature change in properties is greatest.Addition of water to the lithium chlorate melt causes the melt properties, especially the viscosity, to alter considerably. These changes are in part caused by a breakdown of the structural entities in the melt.

Molten lithium nitrate-potassium nitrate eutectic: the reaction of chromium(II) chloride

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 2353 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Kerridge ◽  
SA Tariq
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Gaseous Nitrogen ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Yellow Solution ◽  
Molten Lithium ◽  
Green Precipitate ◽  
Orange Solution

The strong reducing agent chromium(II) chloride reacted rapidly in molten lithium nitrate-potassium nitrate, at or above the melting point of the eutectic, initially forming a dark-brown-black solution [probably containing chromium(III) and chromium(VI)] and gaseous nitrogen dioxide, but at 200�C giving a green precipitate (Cr2O3) and an orange solution of dichromate. Above 450�C, a further slow reaction converted both compounds into a yellow solution of chromate(VI) containing nitrite partly formed by thermal decomposition of the nitrate.

THE CONDUCTANCE OF MOLTEN LITHIUM CHLORATE AND THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF TRACES OF NONELECTROLYTES ON THE CONDUCTANCE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 890-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
E. M. Kartzmark ◽  
D. F. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Molten Lithium

The specific conductance of pure molten lithium chlorate between 130 and 145 °C was determined and an activation energy of conductance deduced. Additions of substances having various dielectric constants were made to molten lithium chlorate and the conductances determined. These additions were: (a) water, 0–6% by weight; (b) nitrobenzene, 0–0.4% by weight; (c) methyl alcohol, 0–1.25% by weight. The results are discussed.

Thermal Property of Eutectic Molten Salts by Using Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1113 ◽  
pp. 611-614
Author(s):  
Fuzieah Subari ◽  
Saidatul Asmah Jefire ◽  
Aiman Zawawi ◽  
Hafizul Faiz Maksom ◽  
Mohamad Afizan Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Thermal Property ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Heat Transfer Fluid ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Solar Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Major Weight Loss

The thermal property of new composition of eutectic molten salt was investigated to obtain low melting point and better stability at temperature of 500°C as heat transfer fluid in solar thermal energy system. The NaCl used was purified from seawater. The eutectic molten salts were prepared in ten different weight ratios and experiments were carried out using nitrogen as inert gas with heating of 10°C/min to the temperature from 25°C to 500°C. Experimental results indicated that all mixtures exhibited low melting point (<163°C) and high stability. The thermal degradation of LiNO3, NaNO3, KNO3 and NaCl exhibit in the DTG profiles respectively. From the present study it can be concluded that major weight loss of the system is due to the dissociation of lithium nitrate to lithium oxides.

STUDIES ON THE THERMODYNAMICS AND CONDUCTANCES OF MOLTEN SALTS AND THEIR MIXTURES: PART II. THE VISCOSITIES, HEATS OF FUSION, AND HEAT CAPACITIES OF LITHIUM CHLORATE AND LITHIUM CHLORATE–LITHIUM NITRATE MIXTURES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1616-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
M. K. Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Heat Capacities ◽  
Liquid Lithium ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Transition Formula ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Molten Lithium ◽  
The Difference

The viscosities at different temperatures of pure molten lithium chlorate and of mixtures of lithium chlorate with lithium nitrate have been determined with high precision. The heats of fusion, and the molar heat capacities of both solid and liquid lithium chlorate, and of mixtures of lithium chlorate and lithium nitrate have also been determined. The heat of the transition [Formula: see text] has been obtained as the difference between the heats of solution in water of the two forms. The enthalpy, free energy, and entropy of mixing have been derived.

STUDIES ON THE THERMODYNAMICS AND CONDUCTANCES OF MOLTEN SALTS AND THEIR MIXTURES: PART I. THE DENSITIES AND MOLAR VOLUMES OF LITHIUM CHLORATE AND OF LITHIUM CHLORATE – LITHIUM NITRATE MIXTURES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1137-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
M. K. Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Molar Volume ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Molten Lithium

The densities at different temperatures of pure molten lithium chlorate and of mixtures of lithium chlorate with lithium nitrate have been determined by a method of high precision. The change of molar volume with temperature has been interpreted in the light of possible structural changes in the melt.

The Temperature Dependence of the Isotope Effect for Electromigration of Lithium Ions in Molten Lithium Nitrate

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 892-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Lundén ◽  
Alf Ekhed
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Alkali Ions ◽  
Cooperative Motion ◽  
Molten Lithium ◽  
Experimental Values

The relative difference (Δb/b) between the internal electromigration mobilities of 6Li and 7Li in molten LiNO3 has been measured over the range 313° to 488 0C. The mass effect,μ =(Δb/b) /(Δm/m), is found to be μ = 0.0845+ (0.00002 ±0.00002) (t-300) where t is the temperature in °C and the quoted error is the standard deviation. There is thus in this case no significant influence of the temperature upon the mass effect. Some previous investiga­tions of molten LiNO3 gave smaller values for the mass effect. The reasons for these apparent dis­crepancies are discussed. A slight, but significant, anomalous enrichment of the light isotope is ob­tained in the middle of the cell, as has been previously observed in experiments with KNO3 . The mass effects have now been measured for all five alkali ions in the pure molten nitrates. For a corresponding temperature chosen 5% above the melting point none of the experimental values differ more than 14% from the relation μ+ =-0.0848 (1+m +/46) -1.The obtained relations are interpreted in terms of cooperative motion of the ions in a molten salt.

Studies on the thermodynamics and conductances of molten salts and their mixtures. Part V. The density, change of volume on fusion, viscosity, and surface tension of sodium chlorate and of its mixtures with sodium nitrate

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1279-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
E. T. van der Kouwe
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Positive Deviation ◽  
Molten Sodium ◽  
Salt Melts

The densities, viscosities, and surface tensions of molten sodium chlorate, and of molten mixtures of sodium chlorate and sodium nitrate, as well as the change of volume on fusion, have been determined.From the dependence of molar volume on temperature and composition, it appears that the mixing of sodium chlorate and sodium nitrate is a process of dilution rather than of interaction. The viscosity of sodium chlorate is found to be much lower than that of lithium chlorate, a possible indication of greater complexity in the lithium chlorate melt. The activation energy of viscous flow for sodium chlorate is less than that of lithium chlorate. For lithium chlorate – lithium nitrate mixtures, at constant temperature, there is pronounced positive deviation from linearity, when viscosity is plotted against molar composition. For sodium chlorate – sodium nitrate mixtures, the deviation is much less marked though still positive.The surface tension of sodium chlorate is almost identical with those of lithium and potassium chlorates. The surface heat of sodium chlorate is higher than that of lithium chlorate but it still indicates some degree of covalency. The Guggenheim formula and Sokolov's rule have been applied. In contrast to melts of mixtures of lithium chlorate and lithium nitrate, the sodium salt melts would appear to have simpler constituents and to be more ionic in character.

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