Wood quality in artificially inclined 1-year-old trees of Eucalyptus regnans — differences in tension wood and opposite wood properties

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 930-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakti S. Chauhan ◽  
John C.F. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Acoustic Velocity ◽  
Volumetric Shrinkage ◽  
Longitudinal Shrinkage ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Opposite Wood

This paper presents a new approach to assess wood quality in 1-year-old Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. Twenty-two seedlings were grown tilted to induce tension wood and acoustic velocity, basic density, longitudinal shrinkage, and volumetric shrinkage of both opposite wood and tension wood were assessed subsequently. Longitudinal growth strains were also estimated in the leaning stems by sawing along the length through the pith and measuring the bending of the two halves. The derived longitudinal growth strain, which varied from 708 to 2319 µε, was uncorrelated with stem and wood characteristics. Wood characteristics differed significantly between upper-side wood (predominantly tension wood) and lower-side wood (opposite wood). Tension wood was characterized by a higher acoustic velocity (high stiffness), basic density, and volumetric shrinkage compared with opposite wood. Tension wood also exhibited significant collapse and dimensional distortion such as twisting. Longitudinal shrinkage exhibited a significant negative relationship with acoustic velocity in opposite wood and a positive relationship with the basic density in tension wood. This new approach has potential in early selection of breeding material with superior normal wood properties from 1-year-old material by isolating the influence of tension wood. This approach can also be useful in understanding the variability in propensity of tension wood production in breeding populations.

Comparison of basic density and longitudinal shrinkage in tension wood and opposite wood in young stems of Populus euramericana cv. Ghoy when subjected to a gravitational stimulus

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1676-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Jourez ◽  
A Riboux ◽  
A Leclercq
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Longitudinal Shrinkage ◽  
Wood Tissue ◽  
Populus Euramericana ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Gelatinous Fibers ◽  
Poplar Cuttings

In a greenhouse, under controlled conditions, young shoots, taken from poplar cuttings (Populus euramericana (Dole) Guinier cv. Ghoy), were artificially bent to quantify the modifications of physical properties induced by a gravitational stimulus. At the end of the growing season, basic density and longitudinal shrinkage were measured on very small samples taken from pure tension wood tissue observed on the upper face of the inclined axis and compared with opposite wood tissue, free of gelatinous fibers, developed on the opposite lower face. In a second step, shoots bent at two different lean intensities were analyzed. In young poplar wood, gravitational stimulus was found to have a significant effect on physical properties. Relations between basic density and longitudinal shrinkage are different depending on the types of wood considered. Shrinkage appears more sensitive to lean intensity in the range considered here.

Genetic relationships between wood quality traits and diameter growth of juvenile core wood in Sitka spruce

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.G. Kennedy ◽  
A.D. Cameron ◽  
S.J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Acoustic Velocity ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Good Growth

The trend towards shorter rotations in planted conifer stands has resulted in a reduction in the proportion of mature wood relative to juvenile core wood, raising concerns that the mechanical performance of sawn battens will be affected. The potential to improve the wood quality of the juvenile core of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) without compromising growth rate was investigated. Rapid and inexpensive indirect methods of assessing wood properties on standing trees using a Pilodyn gun and acoustic velocity were compared with direct measurements made on wood samples cut from the juvenile core. Strong genetic correlations were observed between Pilodyn gun values and direct measures of density (–0.76) and between the square of acoustic velocity and modulus of elasticity (0.73). The genetic correlation between the square of acoustic velocity and microfibril angle was also strong (–0.84). These results suggest that indirect assessments of wood properties within juvenile core wood are sufficiently reliable for these techniques to be used in the Sitka spruce breeding programme. Although a strong negative genetic correlation between diameter at breast height and density was noted (–0.79), sufficient variation exists within the breeding population to select families with both good growth rate and high modulus of elasticity wood.

scholarly journals QUALITY OF REACTION WOOD IN Eucalyptus TREES TILTED BY WIND FOR PULP PRODUCTION

CERNE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-297
Author(s):  
Walter Torezani Neto Boschetti ◽  
Juarez Benigno Paes ◽  
Graziela Baptista Vidaurre ◽  
Marina Donária Chaves Arantes ◽  
João Gabriel Missia da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Holocellulose Content

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the quality of normal, tension and opposite wood of eucalyptus trees lengthwise, in straight and inclined stems, affected by wind action. It also aims to explain the pulping parameters resultant from the quality of the wood. The trees were grouped into four tilt ranges, ranging from 0 to 50º, and the basic density, chemical composition of the wood, and performance in kraft pulping were assessed. Normal and tension wood had similar basic densities; while for opposite wood, the density was lower, being responsible for a decrease in reaction wood density. The chemical composition of the wood was influenced by the presence of reaction wood in the stem. Tension and opposite wood showed lower levels of extractives and lignin and higher holocellulose content when compared to normal wood, with favorable wood quality for pulping. The increase in holocellulose content and the reduction of lignin and extractives content contributed positively to a more delignified pulp and reduction of the Kappa number. However, after cooking the reaction wood under the same conditions as those of normal wood, reaction wood pulping tends to have a lower screen yields. Due to differences in basic density and chemical constituents between opposite and normal wood, it is recommended not to designate the opposite wood as normal wood.

scholarly journals Relationship between Growth and Wood properties in Agathis sp. Planted in Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Kazuko Makino ◽  
Imam Wahyudi ◽  
Jun Tanabe ◽  
Yuya Takashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pilodyn Penetration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

The present study clarified the relationship between the growth and wood properties of 54-year-old Agathis sp. trees planted in Indonesia. Stem diameter, pilodyn penetration, and stress-wave velocity (SWV) were measured for all trees (35 trees) in a plot (30  30 m) located almost at the center of a stand. Based on the mean stem diameter, 10 standard trees in a plot were selected for measuring the basic density (BD) and compressive strength parallel to grain (CS). Core samples (5 mm in diameter) were collected from the 10 selected trees to determine BD and CS. The mean stem diameter, pilodyn penetration and SWV in the plot were 40.2  11.3 cm, 23.4  2.1 cm, and 3.85  0.43 km/s, respectively. No  significant correlation coefficeint (r = -0.327, no significance at 5% level) was obtained between stem diameter and SWV. The mean BD and CS in the 10 trees were 0.42  0.03 g/cm3  and 28.1  2.7 MPa, respectively. A significant positive  correlation was observed between BD and CS. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant difference between BD and CS values of the 10 trees, indicating that wood properties may differ among trees with the same standard growth in a stand. From these results, we concluded that wood quality improvement in this species could be achieved by selecting  trees with high density and strength in tree breeding programs.

Genotypic variation in the basic density, dynamic modulus of elasticity and tracheid traits of Pinus elliottii in three progeny trials in southern China

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Meng Lai ◽  
Leiming Dong ◽  
Chunhui Leng ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Min Yi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Dynamic Modulus Of Elasticity

AbstractA firm understanding of the genetic relationships among wood properties is a prerequisite for breeding for higher wood quality in Pinus elliottii families. To examine and deal with such relationships, increment cores were sampled at breast height from 1260 trees in 42 open-pollinated families in three 27-year-old Slash pine progeny trials in southern China, and genetic variation, genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction, genetic correlation and correlated response were investigated. The basic density (BD), dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOED) and tracheid traits were found to be under moderate to strong genetic control for the three locations combined, with individual narrow-sense and family mean heritability ranging from 0.28 to 0.44 and 0.52 to 0.69, respectively. Type B genetic correlation estimates indicated that the G × E interaction had a small-level influence on wood properties. Strong genetic correlations (rg) were found between BD and MOED at the three sites (rg = 0.46–0.85), and BD or MOED showed moderate to strong correlations with most tracheid traits at specific localities. In tree breeding programs, one possible strategy would be to improve pulpwood quality and the strength of structural wood through selection for different wood quality traits.

scholarly journals Genetic Evaluation and Combined Selection for the Simultaneous Improvement of Growth and Wood Properties in Catalpa bungei Clones

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Junhui Wang ◽  
Huiling Yun ◽  
Guijuan Yang ◽  
Jianwei Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Genetic Gains ◽  
Catalpa Bungei ◽  
Combined Selection

Catalpa bungei is an important timber tree. Improvements in growth and wood quality are important goals of C. bungei breeding, and it is necessary to understand the genetic parameters of specific target traits and genetic correlation between growth traits and wood properties for tree breeding. In this study, the genetic parameters of height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and wood properties were estimated and genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits and wood properties were evaluated in C. bungei. Finally, different selection scenarios were used to evaluate and select optimal clones. The results showed that there were significant differences in growth and wood properties among clones. The wood hardness (0.66–0.79), basic density (0.89), air-dried density (0.89) and compression strength parallel to the grain of wood (CSP) (0.84) had high repeatability. The variance component proportions indicated that the variation in wood properties came mainly from different genotypes (clones) rather than from different individuals of the same clone. The DBH showed a significant negative genetic correlation with the hardness of radial section (HRS) (−643), basic density (−0.531) and air-dry density (−0.495). This unfavorable relationship makes it difficult to improve growth and wood quality simultaneously in C. bungei. We selected the optimal clones under different scenarios, and we obtained 7.75–9.06% genetic gains for growth in the scenario in which height and DBH were the target traits. Genetic gains of 7.43–14.94% were obtained for wood properties by selecting optimal clones in the scenario in which wood properties were the target traits. Approximately 5% and 4% genetic gains were obtained for growth and wood properties, respectively, for the combined selection. This study provides new insights into the genetic improvement of wood quality in C. bungei.

Wood grain angles variations in Eucalyptus and their relationships to physical-mechanical properties

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1089-1097
Author(s):  
José Clailson Franco Coelho ◽  
Graziela Baptista Vidaurre ◽  
João Gabriel Missia da Silva ◽  
Maria Naruna Felix de Almeida ◽  
Ramon Ferreira Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Volumetric Shrinkage ◽  
Angular Deviation ◽  
Grain Angle ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between grain angle and wood properties has not been focus of researches in wood industry. The aim of this study was to establish grain angle variations in commercial Eucalyptus logs and their effects on physical-mechanical wood properties. Wood maximum angular deviation (MAD) was correlated with density, volumetric shrinkage, compressive strength parallel to grain, flexural strength and stiffness as determined by bending and acoustic methods in wood of seven Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones at 13 years old. The relationship between MAD at pith-bark and base-top positions and its effect on the physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. Amplitude of MAD values was small for the seven clones, and the mean was 6.2°. The grain deviation decreased by only 8% in base-top direction, and the correlations among MAD and three logs heights were small and negative (r = −0.13). MAD values presented an increasing trend of 33% in pith-bark direction, with a small positive correlation (r = 0.42). Basic density (BD) presented a significant correlation with the MAD (r = 26). There was no significant correlation between the MAD and volumetric shrinkage, mechanical properties and modulus of elasticity dynamic (determined by stress wave timer, ultrasound or transverse vibration).

scholarly journals Influência do lenho de tração nas propriedades físicas da madeira de Eucalyptus sp.

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Thiago Campos Monteiro ◽  
Renato da Silva Vieira ◽  
José Tarcísio Lima ◽  
Edy Eime Pereira Baraúna ◽  
Duam Matosinhos de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
The Face ◽  
Eucalyptus Maculata ◽  
Shrinkage Coefficient

The reaction wood is formed in an attempt to remain upright tree in response to the action of forces such as winds, irregular crown or slope of the land that tend to incline it. In hardwoods, as in Eucalyptus, this type of wood is called tension wood and occurs in the region of the stem facing the face of force application. Indicative of the presence of this type of wood is the high shrinkage and basic density compared to normal wood. Once the basic density and shrinkage are parameters for determining the quality of the wood, this study aimed to evaluate the variation of basic density and shrinkage of opposite and tension wood along the radius in four species of Eucalyptus sp. Four tree species Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus maculata, Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus urophylla, with 32 years of age, were taken from an experimental planting of the Federal University of Lavras. Specimens were made to represent the diametrical variation of the opposite of tension wood in disks cut at the dbh. The results indicate that the properties of radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage, coefficient of anisotropy and basic density did not differ statistically between the tensionand opposite wood.

Basic wood properties of European larch from fast-growth plantations in eastern Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1325-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Keith ◽  
G. Chauret
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Longitudinal Shrinkage ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Individual Trees

A number of basic wood quality characteristics were evaluated in 10 European larch (Larixdecidua Mill.) trees, 5 from each of two rapidly growing plantations in eastern Ontario (approximately 30 years old) and western Quebec (approximately 25 years old). Characteristics evaluated included growth rate, relative density, fibre dimensions, longitudinal shrinkage, alcohol–benzene and water-soluble extractives, and Klason lignin. Radial and longitudinal patterns of variation in wood characteristics were examined and particular attention was given to the distribution of juvenile wood within the stems. Extractive contents were more closely related to the extent of heartwood and sapwood in the stems than to differences between juvenile and mature wood. Relative density was generally lower at the centre of the stem than in the mature outer wood, but the change was usually gradual, with no distinct boundary between juvenile and mature wood zones. The most useful characteristic for delimiting the juvenile wood zone appeared to be longitudinal shrinkage. On this basis, the transition from juvenile to mature wood occurs at about 15 rings out from the pith at breast height. Ranking of individual trees for wood density was judged to be reliable at about 7 years of age at this height level.

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