Recovery time of snowshoe hare habitat after commercial thinning in boreal Quebec

As short-term effects of partial cuts generally decrease available cover for snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus Erxleben), most studies have shown negative effects of such treatments on this keystone species in boreal ecosystems. This study aims to determine the long-term impact of commercial thinning on snowshoe hare habitat, and we hypothesized that habitat quality, as well as habitat use, recovers with time since treatment. We selected stands aged 50–90 years dominated by black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) in Abitibi (Quebec). We used models of habitat parameters to explain the abundance of snowshoe hare tracks and pellets in 20 commercially thinned stands treated between 1989 and 1999 and 12 control stands. Lateral cover was the dominant parameter influencing snowshoe hare habitat use. On average, commercially thinned stands had a lower lateral cover than controls (–18%). We also found that snowshoe hare use of commercially thinned stands increases with time since treatment. However, 11–18 years are needed before commercially thinned stands return to the same level of lateral cover and snowshoe hare signs as control stands. Commercial thinning is generally followed by harvesting all merchantable stems 15 years after treatment. Thus, we suggest that commercial thinning as currently practiced should be avoided if the objective is to maintain quality habitat for snowshoe hare and its associated predators.

Download Full-text

Long-term responses of mammalian herbivores to stand thinning and fertilization in young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forest

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x10-173 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 2302-2312 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Thomas P. Sullivan ◽

Druscilla S. Sullivan ◽

Pontus M.F. Lindgren ◽

Douglas B. Ransome

Keyword(s):

Habitat Use ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Large Scale ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

South Central ◽

Commercial Thinning ◽

Snowshoe Hares ◽

Understory Shrubs

Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus Exrleben, 1777), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)), and moose (Alces alces (L., 1758)) commonly occur in young coniferous forests. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that large-scale pre-commercial thinning (PCT) and repeated fertilization 15–20 years after the onset of treatments in young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.) stands would enhance relative habitat use by hares, deer, and moose compared with unmanaged stands. Study areas were located in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Habitat use was measured by fecal pellet and pellet-group counts. Understory vegetation and coniferous stand structure were measured in all stands. Habitat use by deer and moose was highest in heavily thinned stands, probably due to the higher levels of forage and cover provided by understory shrubs and conifers in thinned stands. Habitat use by snowshoe hares was highest in high-density stands, but also in lower-density (≤1000 stems·ha–1) stands where an increase in understory conifers provided essential cover for hares. Managers should consider the long-term nature of understory development in young stands managed for timber production. Heavy thinning (≤1000 stems·ha–1) will generate suitable understory habitat for these herbivores sooner than conventional PCT at higher stand densities.

Download Full-text

The impact of food aid on world malnutrition

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s002081830003246x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 329-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

James N. Schubert

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Food Production ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Food Aid ◽

Control Group ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Alternative Hypotheses ◽

Long Term Impact ◽

The Impact

Does food aid enhance or diminish the nutritional status of recipient populations in less developed countries? In proposing that the long-term impact is negative, critics have argued that aid depresses local food production, is maldistributed and mismanaged such that it does not reach the needy in sufficient quantities, or, where effective, that aid merely reduces the death rate relative to the birth rate, permitting more people to survive at the margin of existence. This study explores the long-term impact of U.S. Public Law 480 food aid through a crossnational analysis of aggregate data on aid receipts and change in nutritional status over the period from 1962 through 1974. Alternative hypotheses are tested through least squares methods and.mean difference tests in the framework of a nonequivalent control group, quasi-experimental design. This study supports the following generalizations: food aid is significantly related with improved nutritional status; the greater the aid, the greater the improvement in nutrition; higher aid recipients do not have significantly lower rates of growth in domestic food production; higher aid recipients do not have higher rates of population growth; and food aid may lead to greater meat consumption among higher aid recipients. Negative effects, experienced in some countries at some times, are not systematically incurred by all food aid recipients over time. In general, food aid does improve nutrition.

Download Full-text

Known and predicted impacts of the invasive oak lace bug (Corythucha arcuata) in European oak ecosystems – a review

Folia Oecologica ◽

10.2478/foecol-2020-0015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 131-139

Author(s):

Márton Paulin ◽

Anikó Hirka ◽

Csaba Béla Eötvös ◽

Csaba Gáspár ◽

Ágnes Fürjes-Mikó ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Control Method ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Lace Bug ◽

The North ◽

Long Term Impact ◽

Almost All ◽

Associated Species ◽

Scale Control

AbstractThe North American oak lace bug (OLB, Corythucha arcuata) was first found in Europe in northern Italy in 2000, and up to 2019 it was recorded in 20 countries. Almost all Eurasian deciduous oak species are suitable hosts and the species can also feed on many other woody plants. At least 30 million hectares of oak forests provide suitable hosts for the OLB, meaning that the lack of suitable hosts will not restrict its further spread. Detailed studies on the long-term impact of the species are not yet available but there are many good reasons to assume that it poses multiple threats to oaks and oak ecosystems. In the long term, it may have negative effects on oak health, growth, and acorn crops. Many of other oak-associated species will likely also be negatively affected. So far, no effective and environmentally tolerable large scale control method is known for OLB.

Download Full-text

Long-term Labour Market and Economic Consequences of School Exclusions in England: Evidence from Two Counterfactual Approaches

10.31235/osf.io/wjr3f ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joan Eliel Madia ◽

Ingrid Obsuth ◽

Harry Daniels ◽

Ian Thompson ◽

Aja Louise Murray

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Negative Effects ◽

School Exclusion ◽

Steps Survey ◽

Long Term Impact ◽

The Impact

Background. Previous research suggests that school exclusion during childhood is a precursor to social exclusion in adulthood. Past literature on the consequences of school exclusion is, however, scarce and mainly focused on short term outcomes such as educational attainment, delinquency, and mental health in early adolescence. Moreover, this evidence is based primarily on descriptive and correlational analysis, whereas robust causal evidence is required to best inform policy.Aims. We aimed to estimate the mid-to-long-term impact of school exclusion on labour market and economic outcomes.Sample. The sample included 6632 young people who at the age of 25/26 in the year 2015 participated in the Next Steps survey of whom 86 were expelled from school and 711 were suspended between the ages of 13/14 and 16/17.Method. Using high quality existing longitudinal data, we utilised four approaches to evaluate the impact of school exclusion: logistic regression-adjustment models, propensity score matching, school fixed-effects analysis, and inverse propensity weighting. The latter two counterfactual approaches were used to estimate causal effects.Results. We found that school exclusion increased the risk of becoming NEET at the age of 19/20, and then remaining economically inactive at the age of 25/26, as well as experiencing higher unemployment risk and earning lower wages also at the age of 25/26.Conclusion. School exclusion has pervasive negative effects into adulthood. Policy interventions should focus on both prevention and mitigating its negative effects. Interventions aimed at re-integrating excluded individuals into education or vocational training could be key in reducing the risk of poor socio-economic outcomes and social exclusion.

Download Full-text

Corporate governance under conditions of crisis

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/202112801039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 128 ◽

pp. 01039

Author(s):

Aybika Beksultanova ◽

Andrey Seleznev ◽

Saida Shardan

Keyword(s):

Corporate Governance ◽

Crisis Management ◽

Boards Of Directors ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Current Crisis ◽

Governance Practices ◽

The Board Of Directors ◽

Long Term Impact ◽

Strategic Context

The study investigates the consequences of the COVID-19 virus pandemic on the activities of the board of directors, corporate governance practices and the strategic context of companies’ activities. The purpose of the study - assess the readiness (after the fact) of the boards of directors to act in a crisis situation, the specifics of the practice of the boards of directors in the new realities, expectations of the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on corporate governance practices and the strategic context of the company’s activities. The article outlines some issues that are worth considering and that may be useful to the company’s management in terms of crisis management. A set of proposals has been formed to reduce the negative effects associated with the consequences of the pandemic for corporate governance, as well as ideas and practical proposals that can help companies reduce the costs of going through the current crisis.

Download Full-text

History matters: the long-term impact of historical immigrant size on current xenophobia in Japan

The Journal of Chinese Sociology ◽

10.1186/s40711-020-00136-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shun Gong ◽

Senhu Wang

Keyword(s):

Intergroup Contact ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Ethnic Competition ◽

Long Term Impact ◽

The Relationship

AbstractMany studies have addressed how current immigrant size affects the strength of xenophobia from the perspectives of intergroup contact and ethnic competition theories. Can native residents’ current xenophobia be explained by historical immigrant size? To explore this question, we use historical immigrant size and a survey dataset to investigate the long-term effects of historical immigrant size on current xenophobia in Japan. The results show that historical immigrant size increases current xenophobia in Japan, which may be due to previous negative contact experiences between immigrants and native residents, and the negative effects persist. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the relationship between immigrant size and xenophobia are discussed.

Download Full-text

Crisis Phones - Suicide Prevention Versus Suggestion/Contagion Effects

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000313 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 220-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Steven Stack

Keyword(s):

Suicide Prevention ◽

Contagion Effects ◽

Long Term Impact

Abstract. Background: There has been no systematic work on the short- or long-term impact of the installation of crisis phones on suicides from bridges. The present study addresses this issue. Method: Data refer to 219 suicides from 1954 through 2013 on the Skyway Bridge in St. Petersburg, Florida. Six crisis phones with signs were installed in July 1999. Results: In the first decade after installation, the phones were used by 27 suicidal persons and credited with preventing 26 or 2.6 suicides a year. However, the net suicide count increased from 48 in the 13 years before installation of phones to 106 the following 13 years or by 4.5 additional suicides/year (t =3.512, p < .001). Conclusion: Although the phones prevented some suicides, there was a net increase after installation. The findings are interpreted with reference to suggestion/contagion effects including the emergence of a controversial bridge suicide blog.

Download Full-text