Effects of girdling and gibberellin A4/7 on flowering of European and Japanese larch grafts in an outdoor clone bank

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Philipson
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Japanese Larch ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
European Larch ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Stem Girdling

Field-grown European larch (Larixdecidua Mill.) and Japanese larch (Larixkaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.) grafts were treated with main-stem girdling applied with or without injection of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7). The level of female coning was low in the untreated trees and was significantly increased by girdling; the mean number of seed cones per tree, on trees receiving girdling alone, was 71 for the European larch and 50 for the Japanese larch. There was considerable male flowering on the untreated trees, (701 and 1208 cones per tree on the European and Japanese larch, respectively), and on trees receiving girdling alone there were 1356 pollen cones per tree on the European larch, and 2035 on the Japanese larch, representing increases of 94 and 68%, respectively, compared with the untreated trees. The overall girdling effect on male flowering, however, was not statistically significant for either species. GA4/7 application produced no significant increases in coning, and in fact fewer pollen cones were observed on GA4/7-treated grafts than on grafts without GA4/7. Between 6 and 12% of the pollen-cone buds on untreated trees did not flush successfully, and the GA4/7 application significantly increased this proportion of unflushed buds. Girdling is an easy and effective treatment to increase female coning of European and Japanese larch and may also result in increases in pollen cones; thus, it would be a useful treatment to assist in the breeding of these species and the production of their hybrid (Larix ×eurolepis A. Henry).

Yield and Wood Properties of 25-year-old Japanese Larch of Different Provenance in Eastern Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Fowler ◽  
J. D. Simpson ◽  
Y. S. Park ◽  
M. H. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Wood Properties ◽  
Japanese Larch ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

Yield data from a 25-year-old trial of Japanese larch (20 provenances), European larch (3 provenances) and tamarack (2 provenances) are presented. Japanese larch is genetically variable in volume of wood produced at age 25 years. The pattern of variation is not closely related to any commonly measured geographic or environmental variables.Japanese larch, managed over short rotations, is capable of producing two to three times more wood than other conifer species commonly planted in the Maritimes Region of Canada. The mean annual increment of merchantable wood for trees of the three best provenances at age 25 years is about 12 m3/ha per year, while that of the poorest provenance is about the same as for European larch and tamarack, 4 m3/ha per year. Japanese larch wood sawed, dried and machined well. It appears suited for general construction use and may be eligible for a stress grade.

Effects of cultural treatments and gibberellin A4/7 on flowering of container-grown European and Japanese larch

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Philipson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Japanese Larch ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Pollen Cone

Gibberellin A4/A7 (GA4/7) was injected into the main stem of container-grown Larixdecidua Mill, and Larixkaempferi (Lamb.) Carr. grafts, using different quantities and times of application of GA4/7 and applying it both alone and in combination with heat, drought, girdling, or root pruning. The GA4/7 did not increase flowering, and girdling and root pruning alone were ineffective. In contrast, flowering was substantially increased when grafts were placed in a polythene house from May (beginning of long-shoot elongation) to June or early September (depending on experiments), in three separate experiments, with mean maximum temperatures of 29–30 °C. This heat treatment significantly increased both seed- and pollen-cone production, and drought treatment significantly increased seed-cone production. Treatment means of up to 143 seed cones and between 250 and 1000 pollen cones per graft, on 1.5 m tall grafts, were observed. In one experiment heat treatment in the polythene house did not increase flowering. In that experiment vegetative buds reflushed during treatment in the polythene house, which could have reduced potential flowering sites; the reflushing may have been associated with needle damage possibly caused by higher than usual temperatures, of over 40 °C.

A case series of cerebral venous thrombosis as the first manifestation of homocystinuria

2021 ◽  
pp. 239698732110594
Author(s):  
Antonio Ochoa-Ferraro ◽  
Subadra Wanninayake ◽  
Charlotte Dawson ◽  
Adam Gerrard ◽  
Mary Anne Preece ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Thrombotic Event ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Disorder ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Tertiary Referral Centre ◽  
Physician Awareness ◽  
The Mean

Background Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an important cause of stroke particularly in younger patients and potentially fatal if diagnosis is delayed. The presentation of symptoms is highly variable and consequently the diagnosis and underlying cause is often delayed or overlooked. Homocystinuria, a rare autosomal recessive disorder is an identified risk factor for CVT. Purpose A timely diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause of CVT could result in improved outcome and prevent further events. This case series describes the clinical course of six adults presented with unprovoked CVT, in whom the diagnosis of underlying homocystinuria was delayed with adverse consequences. We aim to highlight the importance of recognising homocystinuria as an underlying cause of CVT and offer a practical approach to the diagnosis and management. Methods This is a retrospective case series of a cohort of 30 consecutive patients seen in a UK tertiary referral centre. Result Six out of 30 patients presented with CVT prior to homocystinuria diagnosis. The mean and range of age at the time of the first CVT episode was 22.6 (range 11–31) years. The mean ±SD age at diagnosis of homocystinuria as the underlying cause was 26 ± 4.2 years. The time between first CVT and diagnosis of homocystinuria ranged from 1.6 to 11 years resulting in a delay to introduction of effective treatment and, in some cases, a further large vessels thrombotic event. Conclusion Physician awareness of homocystinuria as an underlying cause for an unprovoked CVT will facilitate timely introduction of effective treatment to prevent a further event.

scholarly journals Production potential of Douglas fir at mesotrophic sites of Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 321-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kantor
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Mature Stands

: The study evaluates production parameters (height, diameter at breast height, volume) of Douglas fir (<I>Pseudotsuga menziesii</I> [Mirb.] Franco) at mesotrophic sites of the Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise in mature stands. In total, 29 mixed stands were assessed with the registered proportion of Douglas fir at an age of 85 to 136 years. Comparing the 10 largest Douglas firs with the 10 largest spruces or larches higher, and as a rule markedly higher, production potential of introduced Douglas fir was found in all assessed stands. There were also groups of trees where the volume of Douglas fir was twice to 3 times higher than the volume of spruce or larch (see Tabs. 5 to 10). For example, in stand 177B11, the mean volume of 9.12 m<sup>3</sup> was recorded in the 10 largest Douglas fir trees but the volume of spruce reached only 3.17 m<sup>3</sup> and the volume of larch was 3.70 m<sup>3</sup>. Differences in mensurational parameters of Douglas fir found on the one hand and of Norway spruce (<I>Picea abies</I> [L.] Karst.) or European larch (<I>Larix decidua</I> Mill.) on the other hand compared by ANOVA tests were statistically highly significant. Annual ring analyses have shown that at present the volume increment of particular Douglas fir trees ranges from 0.12 to 0.16 m<sup>3</sup> per year in mature stands (i.e. about 1.5 m<sup>3</sup> every 10 years).

scholarly journals Pollination success and full seed percentage in European larch (Larix decidua MILL.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Slobodník
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Empty Seed ◽  
Linear Correlation Analysis ◽  
The Mean

A relationship between the success of pollination and the percentage of full seeds of European larch (Larix decidua MILL.) was studied using several models of non-linear correlation analysis. Although the proportion of pollinated ovules was high in most cases (especially in the middle parts of open-pollinated conelets), the mean percentage of full seeds was extraordinarily low (after the controlled self-pollination even close to zero) and most of the calculated correlation coefficients are lower than the corresponding critical value. This fact gives an evidence for the strong effect of additional important factors causing the empty seed formation in Larix even after the successful pollination of ovules.

Clonal variation in pollen-related characteristics of Douglas-fir

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Grain Diameter

The mean number of pollen grains produced per pollen cone (P) ranged from 37 310 to 62 960 ([Formula: see text], SE = 1584) among eight seed-orchard clones of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and correlated significantly (r = 0.87, p < 0.05) with the mean number of microsporophylls per cone but not significantly with pollen cone length. The number of pollen grains per milligram (G) also differed among clones (range 2323–3112; [Formula: see text], SE = 32) and correlated significantly and negatively (r = −0.86) with grain diameter. Although this study provides evidence for genetic variation in both P and G, the differences were relatively small. Adjusting pollen-cone counts for P would add little, if any, precision to estimates of pollen production in seed-orchard clones. If balanced clonal representation in pollen mixes is desired, equal weights of pollen would probably suffice for most breeding applications.

Respiration and C dynamics in Poplar roots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boaz Hilman ◽  
Jan Muhr ◽  
Juliane Helm ◽  
Iris Kuhlmann ◽  
Susan Trumbore
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
June July ◽  
Stem Girdling

&lt;p&gt;Large amounts of C are allocated to tree roots, but little is known about the age and dynamics of their non-structural C (NSC). We measured bomb-radiocarbon (&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C) in respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, non-structural (mainly sugars), and structural (cellulose) C in roots. The steady decline of &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C in atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; since the 1960s indicates the mean time elapsed since the C in these pools was fixed. We measured coarse (&gt;2 mm, mean 2.91 mm) and fine (&lt;2 mm) roots from 12 German poplar trees sampled before and after girdling of 6 of the trees. All samples were taken in 2018, an exceptionally dry summer in Europe. The mean &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C &amp;#177;SD of root-respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (4.1 &amp;#177; 3.6 &amp;#8240;) in June-July was equal to current atmospheric &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (1.2 &amp;#8240;), irrespective of the mean age of root cellulose. During extended incubations, the &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C of root-respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; increased to ~10 &amp;#8240; 8 days after harvesting and up to 42 &amp;#8240; 17 days after harvesting. The mean &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C of soluble sugars in the roots was ~21&amp;#160;&amp;#8240;. In September-October, almost three months after girdling, roots from girdled trees respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; with &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C of 7.9 &amp;#177;&amp;#160;6.6&amp;#160;&amp;#8240; vs. 2.3 &amp;#177;&amp;#160;6.1&amp;#160;&amp;#8240; in the ungirdled control trees. However, in both groups the respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;#173;&lt;/sub&gt;-&amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C correlated with cellulose-&amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.37, 0.26 for girdled and control trees, respectively), suggesting that roots respired more stored C in the later growing season in this drought year, independent of treatment. The &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C values of soluble sugars were correlated with the &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C values of the cellulose (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.83). On average, C in sugars was fixed more recently than cellulose, suggesting mixing of young C from other parts of the tree into the roots. Stem girdling did not affect the &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C of soluble sugars. Average total sugar concentrations (sucrose+ glucose+ fructose) were ~42 mg g&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;and did not vary with sampling date, root class or treatment. Starch, measured only in September-October, was higher in coarse than in fine roots (12 vs. 3.8 mg g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). Respiratory loss of C was higher in the fine roots (~4 mgC g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) than coarse roots (~2.4 mgC g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), with no effect of girdling or sampling month. When normalize (expressed per gram dry root material), the NSC reservoirs and C loss rates suggest C turnover rates are 2-fold higher in fine roots than in coarse roots. The extended incubations indicate that detached roots are able to quickly utilize stored NSC, as indicated by the sharp &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; increase. In comparison, stem girdling had no measurable effect on respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-&amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C, suggesting internal re-allocation of C from the lower stem base or large roots to smaller roots, and/or lower than expected metabolic consumption of C in reaction to girdling or because of the exceptional drought.&lt;/p&gt;

Promotion of flowering in western hemlock by gibberellin A4/7 applied at different stages of bud and shoot development

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1051-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Anna M. Colangeli
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Cone buds were induced on container-grown and field-grown western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) clones during a 3-year period to study the effects of time and duration of gibberellin A4/7 treatment on cone induction, sexuality of cones, and to relate these results to bud and shoot development. The most effective treatment times preceded anatomical differentiation. The most abundant pollen cones and seed cones were produced when trees were sprayed with gibberellin A4/7 before vegetative bud burst and early shoot elongation. Two to three weekly gibberellin A4/7 applications starting at preswollen and swollen-bud stages were adequate for pollen-cone production. Pollen-cone production decreased when the applications were started at vegetative bud burst or during early shoot elongation. A minimum of three weekly applications were required for seed-cone production, and applications were equally effective when started at preswollen, swollen, and vegetative bud burst stages. Seed-cone production decreased when three weekly applications were started during early shoot elongation; however, this was overcome by increasing the number of applications.

Fluspirilene Neuroleptic Depot Injections and Indurations*

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. Mcgee ◽  
M.V. Seeman ◽  
J.H.N. Deck
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Depot Neuroleptics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Local Reactions ◽  
Depot Injections ◽  
Higher Doses

Local reactions at injection sites have limited the use of depot fluspirilene, an otherwise effective treatment for chronic schizophrenia. Thirty-nine reports of fluspirilene-treated patients were analyzed and the patients were examined for indurations. It was found that patients with indurations were given significantly higher doses and volumes of the drug. The mean number of high volume injections (over 3ml) at each site was the most significant differentiating fact or between the two groups: 19 such injections over a twelve month period for those with indurations, as compared to 3 for those without. None of the following variables were significant; age, sex, allergies, or total length of time on the drug. Previous administration of other forms of depot neuroleptics did not differentiate the two groups. Biopsy showed serous atrophy of subcutaneous fat, prominent blood vessels and hemosiderin laden macrophages.

scholarly journals Study results of pine and larch provenance trial in Serebryanoborsky experimental forest district

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
M.D. Merzlenko ◽  
◽  
P.G. Melnik ◽  
Yu.B. Glazunov ◽  
A.A. Kozhenkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Japanese Larch ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Larix Kaempferi ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Southern Sakhalin ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Larch Species ◽  
Forest District

The results of the cultivation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the provenance trial in the Serebryanoborsky experimental forest district of the Institute of Forestry of the Russian Academy of Sciences are summarized. The silvicultural effect was assessed by a comprehensive indicator of the feasibility of introducing specific pine conventions. It was established that the use of pine seeds of exclusively local provenances cannot be considered justified. In the vast area of pine there are very remote populations of a local nature, the seed of which, when moved, can be successfully used to create highly productive artificial stands. The 68 year old geographical plantations of larch growth and production rates of 18 climotypes of 14 larch species were compared. These species are Polish larch (Larix polonica Racib.), European larch (Larix decidua Mill. f. Sudetica), Larix sukaczewii Dylis, Siberian larch (Larix sibirika Ledeb.), Larix cajanderi Mayr., Larix gmelinii Rupr., Larix Czekanovskii Szaf, Larix amurensis Kolesn., Olgan larch (Larix olgensis Henry), Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière), Larix kurilensis Maur., Larix principis Rupprechtii Maur., Larix potaninii Bat, American larch (Larix laricina (Duroi) K. Koch). Polish larch, Japanese larch, European larch and Olgan larch have the best growth rate results. Climotypes from Siberia and American larch showed worst results. Polish larch (812 m3/ha) and Japanese (804 m3/ha) larch from the Southern Sakhalin have the highest stem volume. The final estimations showed that the climotypes of Polish larch, European larch from Sudetes and Japanese larch from the Southern Sakhalin are suitable for introduction in the Moscow Region. The climotypes from the Far East, namely Larix amurensis Kolesn., Olgan larch and Larix kurilensis Maur., had positive silvicultural effect. The inland climotypes from Asia together with American larch showed negative results.

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