Foliage–sapwood area relationships for Abiesbalsamea in central Maine, U.S.A.

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2071-2079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Gilmore ◽  
Robert S. Seymour ◽  
Douglas A. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
Log Linear

Studies of forest productivity commonly invoke the pipe-model theory, which implies that leaf area or leaf mass in the tree crown is proportional to cross-sectional xylem (sapwood) area below the crown, to estimate leaf area or leaf mass from cross-sectional sapwood area. Prior ecophysiological studies have suggested that models to predict projected leaf area (PLA) from sapwood area for Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill, are valid across a broad geographical region in northeastern North America. However, no single study has explicitly tested the applicability of different model forms to predict PLA from sapwood area. The objectives of this study were to (1) test the consistency of leaf area/sapwood area ratios at the base of the live crown among four canopy positions, (2) select the best sapwood-based model out of several published model forms to predict projected leaf area, (3) explore the ability of nonsapwood-based models to predict projected leaf area, and (4) test the validity of a common model to predict projected leaf area for A. balsamea in central Maine, U.S.A. We detected no strong statistical differences in the leaf area/sapwood area ratio at the base of the live crown among the open-grown, codominant, intermediate, and suppressed canopy positions. Using a modified likelihood criterion to compare the ability of various model forms to predict PLA, we found that a log–linear model incorporating sapwood area at breast height (BH) and crown length (CL) performed the best, but a log–linear model with CL as the sole predictor variable also performed well. We concluded that a single logarithmically transformed model form using sapwood area at BH and CL to predict PLA is valid among canopy positions, but a single model to predict LA from sapwood area is not valid across a broad geographical region in northeastern North America.

Allometric models for the estimation of leaf area and dry weight from sapwood and heartwood area in black locust (R. pseudacacia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stamatios Rafail Tziaferidis ◽  
Gavriil Spyroglou ◽  
Mariangela Fotelli ◽  
Kalliopi Radoglou
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Allometric Models ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pipe Model

<p>Allometric equations relating a tree’s vascular system with its leaf area and dry weight are developed for numerous forest species, in order to link their hydraulic architecture to carbon and biomass allocation. In 1964, Shinozaki <em>et al.</em> published the Pipe Model Theory (PMT) according to which, a given amount of leaves is supported by and is directly proportional to the area of the conductive tissue of the trunk. The present study aimed at testing whether PMT applies for <em>R. pseudacacia</em> plantations established for restoration and carbon sequestration purposes. A total of 25 trees of black locust grown at the restored former open-cast mining areas of the lignite center of the Hellenic Public Power Corporation (HPPC) in Ptolemaida and Aminteo, NW Greece, were destructively sampled. For each tree we determined its leaf area, foliage dry weight, diameter at breast height, as well as the cross-sectional areas of the trunk, the sapwood and the current sapwood at the stump height (0.30m), the breast height (1.3m), in the middle of the stem, at the base of live crown, at 1/3 and 2/3 of the length of the crown. The relationships of leaf area and foliage dry weight with the different cross-sectional areas at the selected stem heights were tested with simple and multiple linear regression models at p<0.001.</p><p>Among all tested relationships, PMT was more strongly verified by the linear relationship estimating both leaf area and foliage dry weight by the total cross-sectional area at the middle of the stem (R<sup>2</sup>=0.81). Sapwood area was found to be a less strong estimator of leaf area and foliage dry weight. The best relationships between sapwood area and leaf area / foliage were established when measured at the 1/3 of the length of the crown (R<sup>2</sup>=0.70 and 0.77, for leaf area and dry weight, respectively). The widely used relationship of sapwood at breast height to both leaf area and weight was less strong in our study (R<sup>2</sup>=0.66 and 0.68, for leaf area and dry weight, respectively). Furthermore, our results were not consistent with the theory of Shinozaki et al. (1964) that the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area increases from the top of the tree to the base of crown, where it is stabilized until breast height. These deviations may be due to the age of the studied plantations which does not exceed 30 years and the properties of the growth substrate consisting mainly of depositions from the extraction of lignite. The strongest allometric models for the estimation of leaf area and weight by tree diameter were built at breast height (R<sup>2</sup>=0.72) and at the base of live crown (R<sup>2</sup>=0.73), respectively. In addition, the trees’ diameter at the base of live crown could be reliably estimated by their diameter at breast height (R<sup>2</sup>=0.78). Our results were only partly consistent with the PMT. However, the established relationships may be useful for modelling and assessment of carbon allocation, water balance and growth of black locust plantations in restoration sites.</p>

Application of the pipe model theory to predict canopy leaf area

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Waring ◽  
P. E. Schroeder ◽  
R. Oren
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Model Theory ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
Pipe Model Theory

The pipe model theory presents the idea that a unit weight of tree foliage is serviced by a specific cross-sectional area of conducting sapwood in the crown. Below the crown, a large fraction of the tree bole may be nonconducting tissue, so the sapwood area would have to be known to estimate foliage. We applied the pipe model theory to the analysis of several western coniferous species to learn whether the distribution of canopy leaf area could be accurately estimated from knowledge of the sapwood cross-sectional area at various heights, including breast height (1.37 m). Results are excellent, but taper in the conducting area must be considered when sapwood area is measured below the crown.

Factors affecting the relationship between sapwood area and leaf area of balsam fir

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1684-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie R. Coyea ◽  
Hank A. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth

The ratio between projected leaf area (LA) and cross-sectional sapwood area (SA) of dominant and codominant balsam fir trees (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) was determined in 24 forest stands across the province of Quebec. Various physical factors proposed in the Whitehead hydraulic model, and some of the easily measured surrogates of these factors, were tested for their influence on LA:SA ratios. Average growing season vapor pressure deficit, temperature, precipitation, and stand drainage class did not significantly influence LA:SA ratios. On the other hand, LA:SA ratios were positively influenced by sapwood permeability (k), tree height, and crown length. As suggested by the model, there was a positive correlation between sapwood permeability and LA:SA ratio and a negative correlation between tree height or crown length and LA/(SA k). Increases in sapwood permeability with tree age were associated with longer tracheids having larger lumen diameters. Of the various empirical factors tested, only site quality, 5-year basal area growth, and age had a significant influence on LA:SA ratios. Sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height by itself was a reasonable linear predictor of LA for all stands (LA = −0.158 + 0.709 SABH, R2 = 0.75). Using the variables that were previously determined to influence LA:SA ratios, stepwise regressions revealed that only crown length and 5-year basal area growth significantly improved linear predictions of LA based on sapwood area. However, the increase in R2 was relatively modest, i.e., 0.83 for all three independent variables versus 0.75 for SA alone. The results from this study will be useful in integrating physiologically based measurements, such as growth efficiency, into standard forest inventory practices for balsam fir and thus could be beneficial in developing new silvicultural strategies for protecting Quebec's forest resource.

Sapwood area as an estimator of foliage biomass and projected leaf area for Abiesbalsamea and Picearubens

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Marchand
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
High Degree

Sapwood conducting area was found to be highly correlated with foliage biomass and projected leaf area in both balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill) and red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.). Linear regression equations from sapwood measured at breast height (1.3 m) were as follows: for balsam fir, foliage mass = 0.138X − 1.491 (R = 0.978) and projected leaf area = 0.673X − 5.453 (R = 0.952), where X is sapwood conducting area in cm2. For red spruce, foliage mass = 0.072X − 0.410 (R = 0.914) and projected leaf area = 0.167X + 6.772 (R = 0.934). Regressions improved when sapwood area was measured at the base of the live crown. The relationship between sapwood area and foliage mass or projected area in balsam fir was very similar for trees from three sites of greatly different character, suggesting a close, species dependent, physiological relationship between crown size and the cross-sectional area of conductive xylem needed to supply water to the foliage. Thus, it appears that foliage area can be predicted from increment cores with a high degree of certainty and without concern for differences in stand condition or individual tree vigor.

scholarly journals Sapwood area – leaf area relationships for coast redwood

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1250-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petru Tudor Stancioiu ◽  
Kevin L O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sequoia Sempervirens ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Coast Redwood ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Area Sampling ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship ◽  
Taper Model

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) trees in different canopy strata and crown positions were sampled to develop relationships between sapwood cross-sectional area and projected leaf area. Sampling occurred during the summers of 2000 and 2001 and covered tree heights ranging from 7.7 to 45.2 m and diameters at breast height ranging from 9.4 to 92.7 cm. Foliage morphology varied greatly and was stratified into five types based on needle type (sun or shade) and twig color. A strong linear relationship existed between projected leaf area and sapwood area at breast height or sapwood at the base of the live crown despite the variability in foliage morphology. Ratios of leaf area to sapwood were 0.40 m2/cm2 at breast height and 0.57 m2/cm2 at crown base. Measurements of sapwood at the base of the live crown improved leaf area predictions because of sapwood taper below the crown base. A sapwood taper model was also developed.

The influence of thinning and tree size on the sapwood area / leaf area ratio in coigue

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1679-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo A Gajardo-Caviedes ◽  
Miguel A Espinosa ◽  
Urcesino del T González ◽  
Darcy G Ríos
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Destructive Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Nothofagus Dombeyi ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Best Fit

The effect of thinning and crown class on the projected leaf area, specific leaf area, and projected leaf area / sapwood area ratio was evaluated in a 48-year-old even-aged stand of coigue (Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst.). The data were collected through destructive sampling of 27 trees and analyzed with analysis of variance and regression models. The projected leaf area was greater in trees from more intensely thinned stands. The specific leaf area and the projected leaf area / sapwood area ratio did not vary between treatments. The sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height (1.3 m) and at the base of the live crown provided the best fit for the relationship between projected leaf area and sapwood area. The current sapwood area provided the worst fit, suggesting that at an early age, coigue sapwood does not present permeability problems associated with tyloses.

Leaf area – sapwood area relationships in adjacent young Douglas-fir stands with different early growth rates

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Espinosa Bancalari ◽  
D. A. Perry ◽  
John D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between foliage area and sapwood basal area was studied in three adjacent 22-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands that differed in early growth rates. Sapwood width was fairly constant for most of the stem above the stump, but the number of annual rings in the sapwood decreased gradually with height. Sapwood area also decreased with increasing height in the tree, the stands differing significantly only at breast height. The proportion of heartwood from stump to near the base of the crown was significantly higher for the stand of fastest early growth. Ratios of leaf area to sapwood area were significantly higher for that stand and varied in every stem section, the ratio lower at breast height than at the base of the live crown. At the base of the crown, the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area was 1.33 and 1.57 times greater in the fast-growing stand than in the intermediate- and slow-growing stands, respectively. Leaf area was as closely related to dbh as to sapwood area at breast height. Sapwood area at the crown base was more accurate than sapwood area at breast height for predicting leaf area in the fast stand and was equally accurate in the other two stands. Ratios of leaf area to sapwood area correlated positively with sapwood ring width. However, because sapwood ring width also correlated closely with sapwood area, it did not improve predictive equations. The results suggest that the "pipe model" theory must be modified to account for the internal structure of the "pipe" and that caution should be exercised when using published leaf area to sapwood area ratios.

A leaf area – sapwood area ratio developed to rate loblolly pine tree vigor

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Blanche ◽  
J. D. Hodges ◽  
T. E. Nebeker
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Relationship

Stem cross-sectional sapwood area was linearly related to leaf area in loblolly pine. A better relationship was obtained using cross-sectional sapwood area taken at crown base than at breast height. The relationship was affected by time of sampling, with time of maximum needle biomass giving the best correlation. Specific leaf area (area in square centimetres per gram dry weight) was variable, but the mean of 95.32 cm2/g is comparable to reported values for other species. The leaf area – sapwood area ratio at breast height varies only slightly among individual trees so that a mean ratio of 0.29 can be utilized to accurately predict leaf area. The ratio between curent-year or previous-year sapwood production and leaf area (grams per square metre of foliage) was used as an indicator of tree vigor. Tree vigor values varied greatly (21 – 180 g/m2), but were normally distributed within this range.

Leaf area - sapwood area relations of lodgepole pine as influenced by stand density and site index

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Long ◽  
Frederick W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Forest Ecology ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Stand Conditions

Leaf area to sapwood area ratios for a given species are believed to vary with factors such as site quality, stand density, early stand growth rates, and crown class. Based on data from 55 mature lodgepole pine trees (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Dougl.) from 10 plots in southeastern Wyoming, we conclude that putative density and site effects on leaf area - sapwood area relations are actually a consequence of the increase in the leaf area to sapwood area ratio with increasing sapwood area. When leaf area is estimated with a nonlinear model that includes tree size and distance to the live crown, the apparent effects of stand density and site index disappear. We consider a constant ratio of leaf area and sapwood cross-sectional area to be inappropriate for the estimation of leaf area aross the range of stand conditions included in most studies of forest ecology.

Leaf area prediction models for Tsuga canadensis in Maine

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1574-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S Kenefic ◽  
Robert S Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Crown Length

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (eastern hemlock) is a common species throughout the Acadian forest. Studies of leaf area and growth efficiency in this forest type have been limited by the lack of equations to predict leaf area of this species. We found that sapwood area was an effective leaf area surrogate in T. canadensis, though adding crown length to the sapwood equations improved model performance. Prediction bias was observed at the upper end of our data for the best sapwood equation. Sapwood area at crown base did not predict leaf area as well as sapwood area at breast height. Equations using crown length or crown volume alone were the least effective of all models tested. Models using stem cross-sectional area inside the bark or tree basal area with a modified live crown ratio produced results comparable with those of the best sapwood-based model and were unbiased across the range of our data. There findings verify the value of nonsapwood-based approaches to T. canadensis leaf area prediction.

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