Allometric models for the estimation of leaf area and dry weight from sapwood and heartwood area in black locust (R. pseudacacia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stamatios Rafail Tziaferidis ◽  
Gavriil Spyroglou ◽  
Mariangela Fotelli ◽  
Kalliopi Radoglou
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Allometric Models ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pipe Model

<p>Allometric equations relating a tree’s vascular system with its leaf area and dry weight are developed for numerous forest species, in order to link their hydraulic architecture to carbon and biomass allocation. In 1964, Shinozaki <em>et al.</em> published the Pipe Model Theory (PMT) according to which, a given amount of leaves is supported by and is directly proportional to the area of the conductive tissue of the trunk. The present study aimed at testing whether PMT applies for <em>R. pseudacacia</em> plantations established for restoration and carbon sequestration purposes. A total of 25 trees of black locust grown at the restored former open-cast mining areas of the lignite center of the Hellenic Public Power Corporation (HPPC) in Ptolemaida and Aminteo, NW Greece, were destructively sampled. For each tree we determined its leaf area, foliage dry weight, diameter at breast height, as well as the cross-sectional areas of the trunk, the sapwood and the current sapwood at the stump height (0.30m), the breast height (1.3m), in the middle of the stem, at the base of live crown, at 1/3 and 2/3 of the length of the crown. The relationships of leaf area and foliage dry weight with the different cross-sectional areas at the selected stem heights were tested with simple and multiple linear regression models at p<0.001.</p><p>Among all tested relationships, PMT was more strongly verified by the linear relationship estimating both leaf area and foliage dry weight by the total cross-sectional area at the middle of the stem (R<sup>2</sup>=0.81). Sapwood area was found to be a less strong estimator of leaf area and foliage dry weight. The best relationships between sapwood area and leaf area / foliage were established when measured at the 1/3 of the length of the crown (R<sup>2</sup>=0.70 and 0.77, for leaf area and dry weight, respectively). The widely used relationship of sapwood at breast height to both leaf area and weight was less strong in our study (R<sup>2</sup>=0.66 and 0.68, for leaf area and dry weight, respectively). Furthermore, our results were not consistent with the theory of Shinozaki et al. (1964) that the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area increases from the top of the tree to the base of crown, where it is stabilized until breast height. These deviations may be due to the age of the studied plantations which does not exceed 30 years and the properties of the growth substrate consisting mainly of depositions from the extraction of lignite. The strongest allometric models for the estimation of leaf area and weight by tree diameter were built at breast height (R<sup>2</sup>=0.72) and at the base of live crown (R<sup>2</sup>=0.73), respectively. In addition, the trees’ diameter at the base of live crown could be reliably estimated by their diameter at breast height (R<sup>2</sup>=0.78). Our results were only partly consistent with the PMT. However, the established relationships may be useful for modelling and assessment of carbon allocation, water balance and growth of black locust plantations in restoration sites.</p>

A leaf area – sapwood area ratio developed to rate loblolly pine tree vigor

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Blanche ◽  
J. D. Hodges ◽  
T. E. Nebeker
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Relationship

Stem cross-sectional sapwood area was linearly related to leaf area in loblolly pine. A better relationship was obtained using cross-sectional sapwood area taken at crown base than at breast height. The relationship was affected by time of sampling, with time of maximum needle biomass giving the best correlation. Specific leaf area (area in square centimetres per gram dry weight) was variable, but the mean of 95.32 cm2/g is comparable to reported values for other species. The leaf area – sapwood area ratio at breast height varies only slightly among individual trees so that a mean ratio of 0.29 can be utilized to accurately predict leaf area. The ratio between curent-year or previous-year sapwood production and leaf area (grams per square metre of foliage) was used as an indicator of tree vigor. Tree vigor values varied greatly (21 – 180 g/m2), but were normally distributed within this range.

Foliage–sapwood area relationships for Abiesbalsamea in central Maine, U.S.A.

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2071-2079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Gilmore ◽  
Robert S. Seymour ◽  
Douglas A. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
Log Linear

Studies of forest productivity commonly invoke the pipe-model theory, which implies that leaf area or leaf mass in the tree crown is proportional to cross-sectional xylem (sapwood) area below the crown, to estimate leaf area or leaf mass from cross-sectional sapwood area. Prior ecophysiological studies have suggested that models to predict projected leaf area (PLA) from sapwood area for Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill, are valid across a broad geographical region in northeastern North America. However, no single study has explicitly tested the applicability of different model forms to predict PLA from sapwood area. The objectives of this study were to (1) test the consistency of leaf area/sapwood area ratios at the base of the live crown among four canopy positions, (2) select the best sapwood-based model out of several published model forms to predict projected leaf area, (3) explore the ability of nonsapwood-based models to predict projected leaf area, and (4) test the validity of a common model to predict projected leaf area for A. balsamea in central Maine, U.S.A. We detected no strong statistical differences in the leaf area/sapwood area ratio at the base of the live crown among the open-grown, codominant, intermediate, and suppressed canopy positions. Using a modified likelihood criterion to compare the ability of various model forms to predict PLA, we found that a log–linear model incorporating sapwood area at breast height (BH) and crown length (CL) performed the best, but a log–linear model with CL as the sole predictor variable also performed well. We concluded that a single logarithmically transformed model form using sapwood area at BH and CL to predict PLA is valid among canopy positions, but a single model to predict LA from sapwood area is not valid across a broad geographical region in northeastern North America.

scholarly journals Sapwood area – leaf area relationships for coast redwood

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1250-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petru Tudor Stancioiu ◽  
Kevin L O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sequoia Sempervirens ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Coast Redwood ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Area Sampling ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship ◽  
Taper Model

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) trees in different canopy strata and crown positions were sampled to develop relationships between sapwood cross-sectional area and projected leaf area. Sampling occurred during the summers of 2000 and 2001 and covered tree heights ranging from 7.7 to 45.2 m and diameters at breast height ranging from 9.4 to 92.7 cm. Foliage morphology varied greatly and was stratified into five types based on needle type (sun or shade) and twig color. A strong linear relationship existed between projected leaf area and sapwood area at breast height or sapwood at the base of the live crown despite the variability in foliage morphology. Ratios of leaf area to sapwood were 0.40 m2/cm2 at breast height and 0.57 m2/cm2 at crown base. Measurements of sapwood at the base of the live crown improved leaf area predictions because of sapwood taper below the crown base. A sapwood taper model was also developed.

Leaf area – sapwood area relationships in adjacent young Douglas-fir stands with different early growth rates

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Espinosa Bancalari ◽  
D. A. Perry ◽  
John D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between foliage area and sapwood basal area was studied in three adjacent 22-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands that differed in early growth rates. Sapwood width was fairly constant for most of the stem above the stump, but the number of annual rings in the sapwood decreased gradually with height. Sapwood area also decreased with increasing height in the tree, the stands differing significantly only at breast height. The proportion of heartwood from stump to near the base of the crown was significantly higher for the stand of fastest early growth. Ratios of leaf area to sapwood area were significantly higher for that stand and varied in every stem section, the ratio lower at breast height than at the base of the live crown. At the base of the crown, the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area was 1.33 and 1.57 times greater in the fast-growing stand than in the intermediate- and slow-growing stands, respectively. Leaf area was as closely related to dbh as to sapwood area at breast height. Sapwood area at the crown base was more accurate than sapwood area at breast height for predicting leaf area in the fast stand and was equally accurate in the other two stands. Ratios of leaf area to sapwood area correlated positively with sapwood ring width. However, because sapwood ring width also correlated closely with sapwood area, it did not improve predictive equations. The results suggest that the "pipe model" theory must be modified to account for the internal structure of the "pipe" and that caution should be exercised when using published leaf area to sapwood area ratios.

Application of the pipe model theory to predict canopy leaf area

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Waring ◽  
P. E. Schroeder ◽  
R. Oren
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Model Theory ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
Pipe Model Theory

The pipe model theory presents the idea that a unit weight of tree foliage is serviced by a specific cross-sectional area of conducting sapwood in the crown. Below the crown, a large fraction of the tree bole may be nonconducting tissue, so the sapwood area would have to be known to estimate foliage. We applied the pipe model theory to the analysis of several western coniferous species to learn whether the distribution of canopy leaf area could be accurately estimated from knowledge of the sapwood cross-sectional area at various heights, including breast height (1.37 m). Results are excellent, but taper in the conducting area must be considered when sapwood area is measured below the crown.

scholarly journals Seemingly Unrelated Mixed-Effects Biomass Models for Black Locust in West Poland

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Karol Bronisz ◽  
Szymon Bijak ◽  
Rafał Wojtan ◽  
Robert Tomusiak ◽  
Agnieszka Bronisz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Locust ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Cross Model ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Independent Variable

Information about tree biomass is important not only in the assessment of wood resources but also in the process of preparing forest management plans, as well as for estimating carbon stocks and their flow in forest ecosystems. The study aimed to develop empirical models for determining the dry mass of the aboveground parts of black locust trees and their components (stem, branches, and leaves). The research was carried out based on data collected in 13 stands (a total of 38 sample trees) of black locust located in western Poland. The model system was developed based on multivariate mixed-effect models using two approaches. In the first approach, biomass components and tree height were defined as dependent variables, while diameter at breast height was used as an independent variable. In the second approach, biomass components and diameter at breast height were dependent variables and tree height was defined as the independent variable. Both approaches enable the fixed-effect and cross-model random-effect prediction of aboveground dry biomass components of black locust. Cross-model random-effect prediction was obtained using additional measurements of two extreme trees, defined as trees characterized by the smallest and largest diameter at breast height in sample plot. This type of prediction is more precise (root mean square error for stem dry biomass for both approaches equals 77.603 and 188.139, respectively) than that of fixed-effects prediction (root mean square error for stem dry biomass for both approaches equals 238.716 and 206.933, respectively). The use of height as an independent variable increases the possibility of the practical application of the proposed solutions using remote data sources.

Total wood, sapwood, and heartwood in branch bases of three conifers

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1332-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Kyker-Snowman ◽  
Brayton F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Branch Wood ◽  
Best Estimates

Branches were cut from forest-grown, 15- to 85-year-old Picearubens, Pinusstrobus, and Tsugacanadensis trees. For 1139 branches we measured (i) cross-sectional sapwood, colored heartwood, and total wood areas at the branch base, (ii) dry weight of the needles and wood, and (iii) age. Branch age was a poor predictor of wood areas at the branch base. Regression analysis showed that branch wood dry weight was the best predictor of total wood area. Sapwood area was predicted equally well by needle dry weight or as a percentage of total wood area. The prediction was improved by using needle dry weight plus total wood area as variables. The mean ratio of sapwood area to needle dry weight was 0.72 mm2/g for Picearubens, 1.19 mm2/g for Tsugacanadensis, and 1.62 mm2/g for Pinusstrobus. Colored heartwood formed in the center of all branches older than 8 years. Heartwood area was a greater proportion of total wood area in older branches than in younger branches of any given tree, although absolute heartwood area was as variable as total wood area. The best estimates of heartwood area were obtained by subtracting estimates of sapwood area from total wood area. Heartwood area of the oldest branches (8–46 years) from each tree was 7–96% of total wood area at the branch base.

Estimating leaf area of Abieslasiocarpa across ranges of stand density and site quality

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 930-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Long ◽  
Frederick W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
Stand Conditions

For a given species, differences in the relation between leaf area and sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height have been attributed to the effects of varying stand density and site quality. When leaf area of Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. is estimated as a function of sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height and distance from breast height to the midpoint of the crown, the apparent effects of stand density and site quality are eliminated. A comparison of these results with those for Pinuscontorta Dougl. suggests this model form should provide unbiased estimates of leaf area for a variety of species and stand conditions.

scholarly journals The assessment sectional area of stem wood and stocks in experimental trees reclamation Western Donbass plot № 1

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
V. M. Zverkovsky ◽  
O. S. Zubkova
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height

The linear growth of forest plantations of Western Donbass’ recultivating plot №1 were studied. The established cross-sectional the area of trunks and timber reserves experimental trees.Characterized by parameters which are the volume of wood: its height, diameter at breast height and shape of the forming barrel. In diameter at breast height cross sectional area is determined and then the barrel volume is calculated. Cross sections of tree trunks are shaped like a circle or an ellipse. Knowing the volume of logs we calculated reserves of wood for trees experimental plots.The largest reserves of timber and cross-sectional area characterized planting U. pumila – 15,367 m3 and 1,9583 m2, A. platanoides – 13,328 m3 and 2,67 m2, Q. robur – 10,120 m3 and 1,452 m2, J. virginiana – 8,748 m3 and 2,106 m2. The least plantation stocks of wood characterized E. angustifolia – 1,3699 m3 and 0,3693 m2, R. pseudoacacia – 2,9478 m3 and 0,8350 m2, P. rallasiana – 3,1626 m3 and 0,3279 m2.

scholarly journals The assessment sectional area of stem wood and stocks in experimental trees reclamation Western Donbass plot № 1

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
V. M. Zverkovsky ◽  
O. S. Zubkova
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height

The linear growth of forest plantations of Western Donbass’ recultivating plot №1 were studied. The established cross-sectional the area of trunks and timber reserves experimental trees.Characterized by parameters which are the volume of wood: its height, diameter at breast height and shape of the forming barrel. In diameter at breast height cross sectional area is determined and then the barrel volume is calculated. Cross sections of tree trunks are shaped like a circle or an ellipse. Knowing the volume of logs we calculated reserves of wood for trees experimental plots.The largest reserves of timber and cross-sectional area characterized planting U. pumila – 15,367 m3 and 1,9583 m2, A. platanoides – 13,328 m3 and 2,67 m2, Q. robur – 10,120 m3 and 1,452 m2, J. virginiana – 8,748 m3 and 2,106 m2. The least plantation stocks of wood characterized E. angustifolia – 1,3699 m3 and 0,3693 m2, R. pseudoacacia – 2,9478 m3 and 0,8350 m2, P. rallasiana – 3,1626 m3 and 0,3279 m2.

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