Allometric relations of deciduous (Larixoccidentalis) and evergreen conifers (Pinuscontorta and Pseudotsugamenziesii) of the Cascade Mountains in central Washington

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 630-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stith T. Gower ◽  
Charles C. Grier ◽  
Daniel J. Vogt ◽  
Kristiina A. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Allometric Relations ◽  
Needle Morphology ◽  
Evergreen Conifer ◽  
Evergreen Conifers

Logarithmic equations for estimating component biomass and projected leaf area from stem diameter and (or) sapwood cross-sectional area were computed for western larch (Larixoccidentalis Nutt.), lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in a mixed conifer stand in the Cascades of central Washington. Regression equations for estimating foliage biomass reported in this study did not compare favorably with foliage biomass allometric relations from other studies. For a given diameter, western larch supported a greater current foliage mass than lodgepole pine or Douglas-fir (P < 0.001); however, the total foliage mass of lodgepole pine was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than western larch. Despite lodgepole pine supporting a total foliage mass approximately twofold greater than western larch, allometric relations between foliage area and stem diameter were not different (P > 0.05) between the deciduous and evergreen conifer. Western larch supports a needle morphology that provides a greater photosynthetic surface area per unit of carbon invested than evergreen conifers in this environment.

scholarly journals Changes in Root IAA Content and Growth of Bareroot Conifers Treated with Plant Growth Regulating Substances at Planting

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
C.F. Scagel ◽  
R.G. Linderman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Stem Diameter Growth

Abstract Growth and survival of bareroot plants after transplanting is partially a function of the plant's capacity to produce new roots. We conducted an experiment to determine whether application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) or moisture retention materials could modify IAA concentration in roots, new root growth, and above ground plant growth. Bareroot western larch, Englemann spruce, lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir were treated with Stimroot, ethrel, Hormogel, or Alginate immediately before planting into a raised bed in a greenhouse. All treatments increased IAA content in roots of western larch, Englemann spruce, and Douglas-fir, but only treatments containing IBA increased free IAA in roots of lodgepole pine. Stimroot and Hormogel treatment increased height growth of western larch, lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir, but only ethrel treatment increased height growth of Englemann spruce. All treatments increased stem diameter growth of western larch. Stimroot increased stem diameter growth rate of Englemann spruce and Douglas-fir, but stem diameter of lodgepole pine was unaffected by all treatments. Our results indicate that application of PGRs or other root-promoting materials to the roots of bareroot conifers before planting has the potential to be a cost-beneficial method for increasing root growth and decreasing transplant shock.

Effects of variations in stand structure on development of mixed-species stands in eastern Washington

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Cobb ◽  
Kevin L. O'hara ◽  
Chadwick D. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Cascade Range ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Development Patterns ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eastern Washington

The development of six mixed-species, even-aged stands was reconstructed in the eastern Washington Cascade Range. All stands were within the Grand Fir Climax Series and began following stand replacement disturbances. Western larch (Larixoccidentalis Nutt.) and lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud.), when present, formed an upper stratum over interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) and grand fir (Abiesgrandis (Dougl.) Lindl.) in all six stands. Establishment patterns and species composition affected stand development patterns. Douglas-fir benefitted from the absence of lodgepole pine; grand fir benefitted from the absence of Douglas-fir, but apparently not from the absence of lodgepole pine. Lodgepole pine had faster initial diameter growth rates than western larch when it became established relatively early and in large numbers.

Influence of fertilization on the allometric relations for two pines in contrasting environments

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1704-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stith T. Gower ◽  
Brent E. Haynes ◽  
Karin S. Fassnacht ◽  
Steve W. Running ◽  
E. Raymond Hunt Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Allometric Relations ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of fertilization on the allometric relations for red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) and ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) growing in contrasting climates. After 2 years of treatment, fertilization did not significantly affect the allometric relations between stem or branch mass and stem diameter for either species. For a similar-diameter tree, current foliage mass and area and new twig mass were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine and ponderosa pine. The significant increase in new foliage mass and area occurred in the upper and middle canopy for red pine and middle and lower canopy for ponderosa pine. For a similar-diameter tree, projected (one-sided) leaf area and total foliage mass were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine. However, leaf area and total foliage mass did not differ between similar-diameter fertilized and control ponderosa pine because fertilization decreased leaf longevity. The ratios of leaf area/sapwood cross-sectional area measured at breast height (1.37 m) were 0.14 and 0.11 for control plus fertilized red pine and ponderosa pine, respectively, and were greater (but not significantly) for fertilized than for control trees, while the ratios of leaf area/sapwood cross-sectional area measured at the base of live crown were significantly greater for fertilized than for control red pine and ponderosa pine.

Tree species selection revisited for plantations in the Interior Cedar Hemlock zone of southern British Columbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (03) ◽  
pp. 382-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Vyse ◽  
Michelle R. Cleary ◽  
Ian R. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Western White Pine

We provide results from two trials comparing performance of species of known provenance planted on logged sites in the southern Interior Cedar Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone of southern British Columbia 20 and 26 years after establishment. The commonly used plantation species, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia), interior spruce (a naturally occurring hybrid between Picea glauca and P. engelmannii) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), survived as well as, but grew more slowly than, western larch (Larix occidentalis), western white pine (Pinus monticola) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and faster than western redcedar (Thuja plicata). Site index values were generally higher than published values for similar sites. Numerous pests affected all species in the trials. Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) caused heavy mortality in lodgepole pine in part of one trial, and Armillaria root disease caused widespread damage to western larch and Douglas-fir in the other trial. Western white pine from local seed sources were severely damaged by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) in both trials but a rust-resistant seed source used in one trial survived better. Frost damage reduced survival and growth of Douglas-fir in one trial and may have affected western white pine. Survival of two planted broadleaves (Betula papyrifera) and a hybrid of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and black poplar (Populus nigra) was severely reduced by drought. The results support ongoing efforts to broaden the number of species used in British Columbia reforestation programs.

scholarly journals RELATIVE QUALITY OF THE MAJOR FOREST ASSOCIATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN B.C. INTERIOR FOR GROWTH OF LODGEPOLE PINE, ENGELMANN SPRUCE, DOUGLAS-FIR AND ALPINE FIR

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Stanek
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Relative Quality

Height growth of lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir and alpine fir was investigated in the Douglas-fir and Engelmann Spruce-Alpine Fir Zones of the Interior of British Columbia. In the same forest association each species has a characteristic site index at the age of 100 years (SI/100). Regression equations were calculated for predicting SI/100 of several species in different associations. Regression equations were also developed for estimating SI/100 of Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir and alpine fir from known SI/100 of lodgepole pine. The latter species was selected because of its common occurrence in the two zones. In addition regression equation was calculated for predicting SI/100 of lodgepole pine from known SI/100 of Engelmann spruce. All regression equations apply to naturally established stands in the study area.

Bud production of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii) seedlings: response to shrub and hardwood competition

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1300-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Tappeiner II ◽  
Thomas F. Hughes ◽  
Steven D. Tesch
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Area Growth

Shrubs and hardwoods in five plantations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in southwestern Oregon were treated to obtain four or five levels of competition; cover ranged from 0 (complete control) to 100% (no treatment). On four of the five plantations, Douglas-fir seedlings significantly increased bud production on the leader in the first growing season after treatment. Buds were more responsive to level of competition than were leader length or growth in stem diameter, for which significant differences were not usually observed until the second growing season after treatment. Bud number on the leader apparently is a good indicator of seedling vigor. Leader, stem diameter, and stem cross-sectional area growth in the 2nd and 3rd years after treatment were positively correlated with the number of buds produced on the leader in the first growing season following treatment.

Effect of urea fertilization on allometric relations in young Douglas-fir trees

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 900-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Grier ◽  
Katharine M. Lee ◽  
Ruth M. Archibald
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Allometric Relations ◽  
Urea Fertilization

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on allometric relations was examined for 23-year-old site class III Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees 2 years after urea fertilization. Logarithmic regression equations using stem diameter (centimetres) to predict tree biomass components (kilograms) were not significantly (p = 0.05) different between fertilized and control trees for total foliage, total branch, dead branch, stembark, or stemwood. New foliage and new twig components, however, were higher in fertilized trees than in control trees. Analysis of data from this and earlier studies suggests fertilization will increase leaf biomass per tree relative to control trees on sites having low nitrogen availability; however, this response will decrease with increasing nitrogen availability. Regression equations based on regional analysis of unfertilized trees yield estimates of foliage biomass for average trees on average sites. If N fertilization brings the site above average in terms of nitrogen availability then these regression equations will underestimate foliage biomass. However, on sites that are initially very nitrogen deficient, N fertilization will bring the site closer to average in terms of nitrogen availability, resulting in more accurate predictions of foliage biomass for fertilized stands than for control stands.

scholarly journals Trembling Aspen Removal Effects on Lodgepole Pine in Southern Interior British Columbia: Ten-Year Results

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean L. Heineman ◽  
Suzanne W. Simard ◽  
Donald L. Sachs ◽  
W. Jean Mather
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Density Threshold

Abstract Manual cutting treatments are routinely applied to release lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) from trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) competition in southern interior British Columbia. We studied the effects of this treatment on pine and an aspen-dominated community on three sites in the Interior Douglas-Fir and Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic zones. After 10 years, when stands were 17–20 years old, treated aspen was significantly shorter than control aspen, and treated pine had significantly (21%) larger diameter than control pine. There were few other differences between brushed and unbrushed pine, and survival was excellent (≥97%), regardless of treatment. Brushing nearly doubled the average density of conifer stems that were free-growing according to legislated standards, but results were variable, and the free-growing status of the stand was changed on only one site. Regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between aspen abundance and pine size. The density of aspen at least as tall as the pine (tall aspen) predicted 36.2% of the variation in pine diameter, and total aspen density predicted 35.9% of the variation in pine height. An average density threshold of 1,867 tall aspen stems/ha, above which pine stem diameter declined, was identified in the three stands.

scholarly journals Root Growth Potential and Microsite Effects on Conifer Seedling Establishment in Northern Idaho

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Reely ◽  
Andrew S. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seedling Quality ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Neighborhood Conditions ◽  
Seedling Performance ◽  
Survival And Growth

Environmental conditions and seedling quality interact to produce complex patterns of seedling survival and growth. Root growth potential (RGP) is one metric of seedling quality that can be rapidly measured prior to planting, but the correlation of RGP and seedling performance is not consistent across studies. Site factors including microsite objects that cast shade and competing vegetation can also influence seedling performance. We examined the effects of RGP, presence/absence of a microsite object, and competition cover on the survival and growth of three native conifers to the Inland Northwest, USA, over 5 years. We found that RGP had no effect on the survival or growth of western larch (Larix occidentalis), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), and grand fir (Abies grandis) at a mesic north aspect site and a xeric south aspect site. Comparatively, the presence of a microsite increased the odds of survival by 37% for western larch and 158% for grand fir, while the absence of forb cover increased the odds of survival of western larch by 72% and of grand fir by 26%. Douglas fir was less sensitive to microsites and competition. The strong effects of neighborhood conditions around seedlings help inform silvicultural practices to enhance the establishment of western larch and grand fir, including planting seedlings near shading objects and competition control, while these practices may not be as important for Douglas fir.

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