The influence of species composition on the growth of individual red oaks in mixed stands in southern New England

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1550-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kittredge Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
New England ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees

Research in 40- to 60-year-old even-aged mixed hardwood stands in southern New England suggests a stratified canopy structure by species, with red oak crowns occupying the uppermost canopy stratum. The basal area growth of individual red oak trees with crowns in this uppermost canopy stratum is negatively related to the basal area of neighboring oaks with crowns in the same stratum. The total basal area of neighboring trees with crowns in this stratum has no effect on individual oak growth. Similarly, the basal area of trees in lower strata has no significant effect on the growth of oaks with crowns in the uppermost canopy stratum. Crown width of individual oaks is negatively related to the basal area of neighboring oaks with crowns in the uppermost canopy stratum. Also, both the total foliar biomass per tree and the efficiency of that foliage in producing basal area increment are negatively related to the quantity of surrounding oaks with crowns in the uppermost canopy stratum. These results imply that basal area increment of individual red oaks in the overstory depends on the species composition of the mixture (i.e., the proportion of red oaks in the mixture) and the resulting competition for growing space in the canopy.

Development patterns in two hemlock–hardwood stands in southern New England

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kelty
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Constant Rate

Two forest stands, composed primarily of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr.), were studied by stand-reconstruction techniques to determine the pattern of development of canopy structure. One stand had originated following clear-cutting 87 years ago; the other, following catastrophic windthrow 44 years ago. Juvenile height growth of the hardwood species was much greater than that of hemlock and a stratified canopy developed by age 30 years, with hardwoods forming an overstory canopy above hemlock. Hemlocks maintained overstory positions only if they were 3 m or more in height immediately following canopy disturbance. In the older stand, hardwood height growth was about twice that of the tallest understory hemlocks during the first 30 years. The hardwood overstory slowed after that and grew at the same rate as the tallest understory hemlocks, which maintained a constant rate of height growth, and a constant to accelerating rate of basal area growth for much of the 87-year measurement period. The height growth of the tallest understory hemlocks was apparently limited in part by breakage of terminal shoots, caused by abrasion against branches of overstory hardwood crowns.

Natural Regeneration Patterns in Even-Aged Mixed Stands in Southern New England

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kittredge ◽  
P. Mark S. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Pine Regeneration

Abstract A regeneration survey in southern New England in three different cover types indicated that most of the seedlings present were less than 19.7 in. in height. Although red oak was a principal component of the overstory, it represented a small proportion of regeneration. Black birch and red maple were common regeneration components. There was a general relationship between overstory density and the amount of regeneration. To obtain natural regeneration, a general broad optimum range of overstory densities between 20-80 ft²/ac of basal area is suggested. Successful red oak and sugar maple regeneration was obtained with overstory densities of these species between 20-40 ft²/ac. A higher proportion of these species did not result in more regeneration. White pine regeneration was closely related to the amount of white pine in the overstory, however. The density of mountain laurel seemed to have little effect on the establishment of regeneration. The greater the length of time since last harvest, the more oak seedlings would be present in hard-wood stands. The opposite was true for red maple, black birch, and hemlock. North. J. Appl For. 7:163-168, December 1990.

Impact of Deer Browsing on Regeneration in Mixed Stands in Southern New England

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kittredge ◽  
P. Mark S. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Browsing preferences by white-tailed deer were evaluated for 6 tree species in northeastern Connecticut. Deer density averaged 23/mile². Deer exhibited no species-specific preferences for seedlings greater than 19 in. For seedlings less than 19 in., hemlock and black birch were preferred. Red maple, sugar maple, and white pine seedlings were avoided. Red oak seedlings were neither preferred nor avoided. A much higher proportion of seedlings greater than 19.7 in. in height was browsed, regardless of species. Browsing preferences for species in the smaller seedling class, combined with a lack of preference for species in the larger class may result in future stands with less diverse tree species composition. Deer densities in excess of 23/mile² may be incompatible with regeneration of diverse forests in southern New England. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):115-120.

Survival and growth of understory trees in oak forests of the Hudson Highlands, New York

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig G. Lorimer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Understory Trees

Mortality and growth rates of trees in various crown classes and size classes were analyzed from 40-year permanent plot records of slope and ravine forest dominated by chestnut oak (Quercusprinus L.) and northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.). Average 5-year mortality rates for suppressed trees ≥2.5 cm dbh of chestnut oak and red oak in the slope forest were 26 and 45%, respectively. None of the suppressed red oaks survived the 40-year period, compared with 14% of the chestnut oaks and 33% of the red maples (Acerrubrum L.). Mortality of oak trees in the intermediate crown class was less than half that of suppressed trees, but still much higher than that of maples and birches on the tracts. Survival was reasonably high for oaks as long as the top of the crown was receiving direct sunlight, but the expected 40-year survival rate of red oaks in such a position is only 20%, with an average growth rate of 1.0 mm in diameter per year. Curves and equations expressing average mortality and growth rates at various levels of competition are presented for each species.

scholarly journals Examination of the Arborsonic Decay Detector for Detecting Bacterial Wetwood in Red Oaks

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zical Xu ◽  
Theodor D. Leininger ◽  
James G. Williams ◽  
Frank H. Tainter
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Ultrasound Wave ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Linear Regressions ◽  
Land Manager

Abstract The Arborsonic Decay Detector (ADD; Fujikura Europe Limited, Wiltshire, England) was used to measure the time it took an ultrasound wave to cross 280 diameters in red oak trees with varying degrees of bacterial wetwood or heartwood decay. Linear regressions derived from the ADD readings of trees in Mississippi and South Carolina with wetwood and heartwood decay yielded significantly different lines for some combinations and locations. The results of this study suggest that the ADD cannot yet be used to detect wetwood in oak trees with enough certainty to be of practical use to a forester or land manager. However, regression lines describing ADD readings of trees with wetwood at both study sites were located between those of healthy trees and decayed trees suggesting some, albeit limited, ability to differentiate wetwood trees. The use of ultrasound to detect bacterial wetwood in red oaks may be improved by designing a system that allows measurement of signal amplitude and evaluation of waveform patterns. The ability to successfully detect trees with heartwood decay was better, especially for trees with advanced decay. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):6-10.

scholarly journals Effects of Oak Decline on Species Composition in a Northern Arkansas Forest

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Heitzman
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Oak Decline ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak

Abstract Since 1999, widespread and locally severe oak decline and mortality have occurred throughout the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. A contributing factor in the decline and mortality is an outbreak of the red oak borer [Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)]. In northern Arkansas, a 2,150 ac mature oak forest severely affected by decline was selected as a case study to describe changes in species composition and stand structure and to assess regeneration potential of oaks and non-oak species. Mortality reduced total overstory basal area from 105 to 57 ft2/ac, and overstory density decreased from 156 to 89 trees/ac. Most dead and dying trees were northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.). Basal area and density of overstory red oaks were reduced from 51 to 11 ft2/ac and from 60 to 11 trees/ac, respectively. These trees died regardless of dbh class. Mortality was less common in white oak (Q. alba L.) and was generally limited to smaller trees. Understory trees and taller seedlings were predominantly red maple (Acer rubrum L.), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Oaks less than 3 ft tall were abundant, but taller oak seedlings and saplings were uncommon. Tree mortality increased the proportion of white oak and hickories (Carya spp.) in the overstory, and stimulated a regeneration response of mostly non-oak species. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):264–268.

Patterns of variation in the yeast florae of exudates in an oak community

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2984-2995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane M. Bowles ◽  
Marc-André Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Physiological Structure

Yeasts associated with exudates of 16 red oak trees (Quercus rubra) were sampled repeatedly over a 2-year period. The 210 yeasts isolated were assigned to 28 species whose frequencies were characteristic of each habitat. Significant variation among the habitats was detected in the species diversity, composition, nutritional breadth, and physiological specificity of their yeasts. Some exudates were recognized as "typical" sap fluxes by their physical characteristics and their similar yeast florae. Others differed to various degrees in their yeast species composition, or in the physiological structure of their yeast communities. Among the factors linked to the observed variation were features of the adjacent vegetation, colonization by ants, or growth in open parts of the study area.

Early Dominance of Pioneer Hardwood After Clearcutting and Removal of Advanced Regeneration

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Smith ◽  
P. Mark S. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Black Paper ◽  
Root Suckers

Abstract Clearcut openings were created in mixed stands of southern New England hardwoods, hemlock, and white pines to observe the development of new stands in which all species started simultaneously. All preexisting woody plants, except beech root-suckers and very small seedlings of red oak and hemlock, were eliminated. Natural seedfall was augmented by direct seeding of some species. The main result, after 2 decades, was replacement of the predominant hardwood species of the old stand by black, paper, and yellow birch. Pin cherry and gray birch were initially prominent, especially near the centers of openings, but had died or become moribund. Hemlocks and white pines from new seed persisted in the bottom strata. Except for the birches and black cherry, the hardwood species of the previous stand showed little or no capacity to develop from seed that germinated after clearcutting and removal of advanced growth. North. J. Appl. For. 10(1):14-19.

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