scholarly journals Examination of the Arborsonic Decay Detector for Detecting Bacterial Wetwood in Red Oaks

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zical Xu ◽  
Theodor D. Leininger ◽  
James G. Williams ◽  
Frank H. Tainter
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Ultrasound Wave ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Linear Regressions ◽  
Land Manager

Abstract The Arborsonic Decay Detector (ADD; Fujikura Europe Limited, Wiltshire, England) was used to measure the time it took an ultrasound wave to cross 280 diameters in red oak trees with varying degrees of bacterial wetwood or heartwood decay. Linear regressions derived from the ADD readings of trees in Mississippi and South Carolina with wetwood and heartwood decay yielded significantly different lines for some combinations and locations. The results of this study suggest that the ADD cannot yet be used to detect wetwood in oak trees with enough certainty to be of practical use to a forester or land manager. However, regression lines describing ADD readings of trees with wetwood at both study sites were located between those of healthy trees and decayed trees suggesting some, albeit limited, ability to differentiate wetwood trees. The use of ultrasound to detect bacterial wetwood in red oaks may be improved by designing a system that allows measurement of signal amplitude and evaluation of waveform patterns. The ability to successfully detect trees with heartwood decay was better, especially for trees with advanced decay. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):6-10.

Survival and growth of understory trees in oak forests of the Hudson Highlands, New York

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig G. Lorimer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Understory Trees

Mortality and growth rates of trees in various crown classes and size classes were analyzed from 40-year permanent plot records of slope and ravine forest dominated by chestnut oak (Quercusprinus L.) and northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.). Average 5-year mortality rates for suppressed trees ≥2.5 cm dbh of chestnut oak and red oak in the slope forest were 26 and 45%, respectively. None of the suppressed red oaks survived the 40-year period, compared with 14% of the chestnut oaks and 33% of the red maples (Acerrubrum L.). Mortality of oak trees in the intermediate crown class was less than half that of suppressed trees, but still much higher than that of maples and birches on the tracts. Survival was reasonably high for oaks as long as the top of the crown was receiving direct sunlight, but the expected 40-year survival rate of red oaks in such a position is only 20%, with an average growth rate of 1.0 mm in diameter per year. Curves and equations expressing average mortality and growth rates at various levels of competition are presented for each species.

scholarly journals “Differences in stem form and bark anomalies of northern red oak trees in forest stands in Canada and Germany”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Burkardt ◽  
Christian Ammer ◽  
Dominik Seidel ◽  
Torsten Vor
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Stem Quality ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Tree Thinning

Northern red oak wood is valuable for a variety of applications not only in its natural distribution range in North America, but also in Europe. Timber quality and stem diameter largely determine timber prices and respective uses. Silvicultural management is key to influencing tree growth and stem quality. In Germany, crop tree thinning is currently the standard treatment, while in Canada the shelterwood system is common practice. The objective of this study was to compare stem characteristics related to stem quality of northern red oaks from Canada with those from Germany to determine effects of different silvicultural treatments on stem quality. We examined stem characteristics from a total of 150 dominant northern red oaks in Canadian and German forest stands using the terrestrial laser scanning approach. Northern red oak stems in Canada (shelterwood system) were significantly straighter, whereas German stems (crop tree thinning approach) were significantly smoother on the surface and rounder on the upper parts of the stems (height 4 – 8 m). The number of bark anomalies decreased with increasing tree competition, indicating that competition is the main driver influencing external stem form and the occurrence or persistence of bark anomalies.

The influence of species composition on the growth of individual red oaks in mixed stands in southern New England

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1550-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kittredge Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
New England ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees

Research in 40- to 60-year-old even-aged mixed hardwood stands in southern New England suggests a stratified canopy structure by species, with red oak crowns occupying the uppermost canopy stratum. The basal area growth of individual red oak trees with crowns in this uppermost canopy stratum is negatively related to the basal area of neighboring oaks with crowns in the same stratum. The total basal area of neighboring trees with crowns in this stratum has no effect on individual oak growth. Similarly, the basal area of trees in lower strata has no significant effect on the growth of oaks with crowns in the uppermost canopy stratum. Crown width of individual oaks is negatively related to the basal area of neighboring oaks with crowns in the uppermost canopy stratum. Also, both the total foliar biomass per tree and the efficiency of that foliage in producing basal area increment are negatively related to the quantity of surrounding oaks with crowns in the uppermost canopy stratum. These results imply that basal area increment of individual red oaks in the overstory depends on the species composition of the mixture (i.e., the proportion of red oaks in the mixture) and the resulting competition for growing space in the canopy.

scholarly journals Insects Visiting Drippy Blight Diseased Red Oak Trees Are Contaminated with the Pathogenic Bacterium Lonsdalea quercina

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1940-1946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael A. Sitz ◽  
Vincent M. Aquino ◽  
Ned A. Tisserat ◽  
Whitney S. Cranshaw ◽  
Jane E. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Pathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Blight Disease

The focus of investigation in this study was to consider the potential of arthropods in the dissemination of the bacterium involved in drippy blight disease, Lonsdalea quercina. Arthropod specimens were collected and tested for the presence of the bacterium with molecular markers. The bacterium L. quercina was confirmed on 12 different insect samples from three orders (Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera) and eight families (Buprestidae, Coccinellidae, Dermestidae, Coreidae, Pentatomidae and/or Miridae, Apidae, Formicidae, and Vespidae). Approximately half of the insects found to carry the bacterium were in the order Hymenoptera. Estimates of the insects that are contaminated with the bacterium, and likely carry it between trees, is conservative because the documented insects represent only a subset of the insect orders that were observed feeding on the bacterium or present on diseased trees yet were not able to be tested. The insects contaminated with L. quercina exhibited diverse life histories, where some had a facultative relationship with the bacterium and others sought it out as a food source. These findings demonstrate that a diverse set of insects naturally occur on diseased trees and may disseminate L. quercina.

Biology and Control of Oak Wilt in Michigan Red Oak Stands

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann N. Bruhn ◽  
Robert L. Heyd
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Aerial Surveillance ◽  
Oak Wilt ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sanitary Treatment

Abstract This paper explains the components of an integrated approach to oak wilt control which has strong potential for adaptation to red oak forests throughout the Lake States. Oak wilt epicenter containment involves (1) separating grafted root systems with a vibratory plow line or Vapam barrier, followed by (2) removal of all living red oaks inside the barrier, and sanitary treatment of wood capable of producing fungal mats. Use of a reference table developed for proper barrier location is described. Epicenters are established by insect vectors, often as a consequence of human activity. Establishment of epicenters can be prevented by: (1) sanitary treatment of diseased trees which may yet produce mats, (2) discouraging unsupervised movement of diseased wood, (3) minimizing the wounding of oaks during the spring and early summer, and (4) immediately painting all spring and summer wounds on oak trees with a tree wound dressing. Detection of new epicenters is important. Treatment of small epicenters minimizes site disturbance and the number of fungal mats produced, as well as the number of trees lost. Systematic aerial surveillance is useful for effective detection in large acre-ages of oak type. Prevention is the best control measure. Unfortunately, public relations are often inadequate. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):47-51

Vessel element development in the earlywood of red oak (Quercus rubra)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1965-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Zasada ◽  
Robert Zahner
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Bark Peeling ◽  
Extreme Care ◽  
Earlywood Vessels ◽  
Cell Zone

Earlywood formation was observed in 60-year-old forest-grown red oak trees in southern Michigan. Extreme care in removing samples from the cambial region of the main stem at 1.4 m and 18 m, and from small branches at about 24 m, permitted the following conclusions. First vessel elements were initiated in the second or third xylem derivative radially removed from the previous year's latewood, possibly in overwintering derivatives, simultaneously throughout the bole and branches of the tree, some 2 weeks before bud enlargement. Vessel elements enlarged first in the tangential dimension (to about 200 μ.) within a few days after initiation of differentiation. Enlargement in the radial direction required up to 2 weeks to grow 300 μ, occurring as the entire xylem mother cell zone was displaced outward by cambial growth to either side—tangentially—of the vessel element. The duration of earlywood formation was about 10 weeks, while the duration of shoot elongation was less than 2 weeks. First earlywood vessels were fully mature about 5 weeks after initiation, coinciding with the unfolding of first leaves. All foliage was mature several weeks before complete maturation of later formed earlywood vessels. Detailed stem analysis and bark peeling studies revealed that stem sections clear of branching contained few lateral junctions between axial vessels. There were many such junctions where twigs joined larger limbs and where limbs joined the main stem; all such junctions were between adjacent vessels from the same limb.

scholarly journals Sharing of chloroplast haplotypes among red oak species suggests interspecific gene flow between neighboring populations

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 691-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruhua Zhang ◽  
Andrew L. Hipp ◽  
Oliver Gailing
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Divergent Selection ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Interspecific Gene Flow ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Chloroplast Dna Markers ◽  
Chloroplast Haplotypes

The North American red oak species Quercus rubra L., Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill, Quercus velutina Lam., and Quercus coccinea Münchh. are morphologically similar and showed very low interspecific differentiation at most nuclear genetic markers in our earlier analyses (<10%). However, a few genetic markers showed interspecific differentiation values (up to 84%) above neutral expectations, a pattern of genomic divergence consistent with models of ecological speciation in the face of gene flow and strong divergent selection. Accordingly, these interfertile species are predicted to maintain differential adaptations to drought, while neutral regions of the genome appear to be homogenized by interspecific gene flow. According to this model of maintenance of species integrity by divergent selection with gene flow, we expect a sharing of chloroplast haplotypes between interspecific population pairs. We analyzed maternally inherited chloroplast DNA markers for the first time in interspecific populations of the red oaks (section Lobatae) to provide additional evidence for contemporary gene flow between Q. rubra and Q. ellipsoidalis and between Q. velutina and Q. ellipsoidalis. Very low interspecific differentiation (GST = 0.023), but pronounced genetic differentiation among populations from different regions (GST = 0.277) across species, and sharing of regional chloroplast haplotypes between species in sympatric and neighboring populations provided strong evidence for contemporary interspecific gene flow. The pattern of divergence at chloroplast DNA markers in red oaks suggests interspecific gene flow that resulted in a sharing of chloroplast types while the ecological and morphological distinctness of species was maintained.

scholarly journals Three Colopterus Beetle Species Carry the Oak Wilt Fungus to Fresh Wounds on Red Oak in Missouri

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Hayslett ◽  
Jennifer Juzwik ◽  
Bruce Moltzan
Keyword(s):  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Oak Wilt ◽  
Ceratocystis Fagacearum ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
The Family ◽  
Nitidulid Beetles

Beetles in the family Nitidulidae can transmit the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum, to fresh wounds on healthy oak trees, leading to infection and disease development. Historically, nitidulid beetles have not been considered important vectors of the pathogen in Missouri. Studies were conducted in the spring of 2005 and 2006 to determine frequencies of nitidulid beetle species contaminated with C. fagacearum visiting fresh wounds on red oak trees in central Missouri. Colopterus truncatus, C. niger, and C. semitectus were the most abundant species collected from fresh wounds and the only species found to be contaminated with Ceratocystis fagacearum. Of 230 beetles assayed for C. fagacearum, 23 yielded the fungus. Contamination frequencies were higher for beetles collected in April than May; no beetles collected in June were contaminated. We hypothesize that Colopterus truncatus, C. niger, and C. semitectus are principal nitidulid beetle vector species in Missouri during spring. The risk for pathogen transmission by these beetles appears to be greatest in April and least in June.

Patterns of variation in the yeast florae of exudates in an oak community

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2984-2995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane M. Bowles ◽  
Marc-André Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Physiological Structure

Yeasts associated with exudates of 16 red oak trees (Quercus rubra) were sampled repeatedly over a 2-year period. The 210 yeasts isolated were assigned to 28 species whose frequencies were characteristic of each habitat. Significant variation among the habitats was detected in the species diversity, composition, nutritional breadth, and physiological specificity of their yeasts. Some exudates were recognized as "typical" sap fluxes by their physical characteristics and their similar yeast florae. Others differed to various degrees in their yeast species composition, or in the physiological structure of their yeast communities. Among the factors linked to the observed variation were features of the adjacent vegetation, colonization by ants, or growth in open parts of the study area.

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