Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Niebling ◽  
M. Thompson Conkle
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific

Washoe pine (Pinuswashoensis Mason and Stockwell), a narrow endemic native to mountains on the western rim of the Great Basin in northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, may be on the verge of extinction. Lowered genetic diversity and increased interpopulation differentiation are expected evolutionary consequences for small, isolated populations like those of Washoe pine. But the species has levels of allozyme variation (estimated average heterozygosity for 26 loci equals 0.148) similar to those for widespread geographic races of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.), which are likely to be its closest extant relatives. Heterozygosity in ponderosa pine was 0.144 in the Pacific race, 0.178 in the North Plateau race, and 0.164 in the Rocky Mountain race. Electrophoretic analysis of trees in the three well-documented populations of Washoe pine revealed only minor and nonsignificant population to population differentiation (98.4% of allozyme variation was among samples within populations). Pair-wise genetic distances between the Washoe populations and the three northern races of ponderosa pine indicated that its closest similarity was with the North Plateau race (Nei's unbiased genetic distance averaged 0.004); the next closest similarity was with samples of the Pacific race (genetic distance 0.013). Washoe pine and the Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine were all strongly differentiated from the Rocky Mountain race of ponderosa pine (genetic distances were 0.066, 0.082, and 0.060, respectively. The few remaining populations of Washoe pine may be a potentially valuable gene source for the yellow pines of North America.

scholarly journals Connectivity between Historical Great Basin Precipitation and Pacific Ocean Variability: A CMIP5 Model Evaluation

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (15) ◽  
pp. 6096-6112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Smith ◽  
Courtenay Strong ◽  
Shih-Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
The North ◽  
Sst Variability ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Cmip5 Model Evaluation

Abstract The eastern Great Basin (GB) in the western United States is strongly affected by droughts that influence water management decisions. Precipitation that falls in the GB, particularly in the Great Salt Lake (GSL) basin encompassed by the GB, provides water for millions of people living along the Wasatch Front Range. Western U.S. precipitation is known to be influenced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as well as the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) in the North Pacific. Historical connectivity between GB precipitation and Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on interannual to multidecadal time scales is evaluated for 20 models that participated in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). While the majority of the models had realistic ENSO and PDO spatial patterns in the SSTs, the simulated influence of these two modes on GB precipitation tended to be too strong for ENSO and too weak for PDO. Few models captured the connectivity at a quasi-decadal period influenced by the transition phase of the Pacific quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO; a recently identified climate mode that influences GB precipitation). Some of the discrepancies appear to stem from models not capturing the observed tendency for the PDO to modulate the sign of the ENSO–GB precipitation teleconnection. Of all of the models, CCSM4 most consistently captured observed connections between Pacific SST variability and GB precipitation on the examined time scales.

Clovis and Western Stemmed: Population Migration and the Meeting of Two Technologies in the Intermountain West

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Beck ◽  
George T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Intermountain West ◽  
Southern Plains ◽  
Projectile Point ◽  
Columbia Plateau ◽  
The North ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distributions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Mountain Front ◽  
Intermountain Region

The Intermountain West is rarely included in discussions of the North American Paleoindian record, largely because there is so little evidence for Clovis in that region. What has been ignored in these discussions is the presence of an early record in the region associated not with Clovis, but with a different technology, the main diagnostic of which is the large, contracting stemmed projectile point. Dates associated with this technology are comparable to the earliest Clovis dates on the Plains. An examination of the spatial and temporal distributions of Clovis diagnostics suggests that elements of this technology arrived relatively late in the Intermountain West, apparently the termination of a diffusion (or migration) process that began in the southern Plains or Southeast, moved northward along the Rocky Mountain front, and eventually onto the Columbia Plateau. We argue that initial colonization of the intermountain region most likely involved groups moving inland from the Pacific coast carrying a non-Clovis technology, which was already in place by the time Clovis technology arrived.

Allozyme variation in the Polygonum lapathifolium complex

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2261-2270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie L. Consaul ◽  
Suzanne I. Warwick ◽  
John McNeill
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Allozyme Data ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Polygonum Lapathifolium ◽  
Polygonum Pensylvanicum ◽  
European Populations

The Polygonum lapathifolium complex consists of populations that are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and that have been classified at different taxonomic levels. Allozyme data were used to test the current North American taxonomic status of members of the complex (including P. lapathifolium var. lapathifolium, P. lapathifolium var. salicifolium, and P. scabrum) and to verify diploidy in the P. lapathifolium complex and polyploid origins of the morphologically similar P. persicaria and P. pensylvanicum. Of the 15 enzyme systems surveyed in 50 populations of the complex, only 3 of the 23 loci (Acon, Lap, and Skdh) were polymorphic in the North American populations and a total of 6 loci in European populations. Fifteen multilocus genotypes were evident in the complex. Four genotypes (all with Lap-10.67 were exclusive to North American populations of P. lapathifolium, providing support for a North American element of the complex. Nine genotypes (all with Lap-10.63) were found in North American and European populations of P. scabrum, all European populations of the P. lapathifolium complex, and three populations of North American P. lapathifolium var. lapathifolium. Lap-10.67 was also found in the native tetraploid P. pensylvanicum, whereas Lap-10.63 was found in the introduced tetraploid P. persicaria. Genetic distances among populations did not support the current taxonomic divisions within the complex, nor did it support separate species status of P. scabrum. Allozyme data provided support for the allotetraploid origins of P. pensylvanicum and P. persicaria, with members of the P. lapathifolium complex as one of the parents of each. Key words: Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum scabrum, Polygonum pensylvanicum, Polygonum persicaria, allozymes.

The moss flora of the alpine – high subalpine Chowder Ridge area, western North Cascades Range, Washington State, U.S.A.

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Western North America ◽  
North Cascades ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ridge Area ◽  
First Time

Chowder Ridge, a high elevation area near Mt. Baker, Washington State, possesses a moss flora of 77 species based on collections made during two visits. Three species, Dicranum muehlenbeckii B.S.G., Rhacomitrium microcarpon (Hedw.) Brid., and Mnium arizonicum Amann, are reported new to Washington State. Coscinodon calyptratus (Hook.) C Jens. and Grimmia ovalis (Hedw.) Lindb. are noted for the first time from the west slope of the North Cascades. Chowder Ridge harbors an unusually large number of disjunts of the Rocky Mountain interior compared with typical sites on the west slope of the North Cascades, while the Pacific North American element is underrepresented. The bulk of the flora consists of species widespread in western North America.

Genetic diversity and population structure of red spruce (Picea rubens)

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 1778-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Hawley ◽  
Donald H. DeHayes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Cool Temperate

Allozyme variation at 36 loci was estimated for 19 populations of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) from throughout its natural range. Average estimates of polymorphic loci (95% criterion), effective number of alleles per locus, and observed and expected heterozygosities are 23%, 1.13, 7.47%, and 7.89%, respectively. Mean genetic distance among populations is 0.007, and 93% of the genetic diversity resides within red spruce populations. Comparisons with other species indicate that red spruce is less genetically variable than most other north-temperate woody plant species. Observed heterozygosity varied significantly among geographic regions, with northern cool-temperate populations having the highest mean observed heterozygosity, followed by central montane populations, then southern isolated populations with the lowest observed heterozygosity. Regional differences in genetic variability could be due to several factors, including migration from different glacial refugia, introgression of red spruce with more genetically variable black spruce in areas of sympatry in the north, and genetic drift followed by higher than expected levels of inbreeding in small isolated southern red spruce populations. Based on genetic distance, northern cool-temperate red spruce are more closely related to nonintrogressed red spruce than to nonintrogressed black spruce, suggesting that introgression is not a major factor contributing to greater genetic variability in the northern portion of the red spruce range. Relatively high genetic differentiation among populations, higher than expected levels of inbreeding, and evidence of reduced gene flow among populations suggest that low genetic variability evident in southern red spruce populations may be a result of genetic drift followed by inbreeding. Key words: Picea rubens, genetic diversity, isozymes, population genetic structure.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA: PRESENT PATTERNS AND AFFINITIES AND THEIR ORIGINS

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (S144) ◽  
pp. 125-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Kavanaugh
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Northwest Coast ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Pacific Northwest Coast ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
The Pacific

AbstractThe insect fauna of the Pacific Northwest Coast is diverse and rich in endemic forms. Nine different elements are recognized in the fauna, including (1) restricted coastal, (2) coast-centred, (3) Great Basin, (4) Rocky Mountain, (5) trans-American, (6) Holarctic, (7) trans-Beringian, (8) Alaskan, and (9) introduced elements. Elements (6), (7), and (8) are generally restricted to the northwestern portion of the coast; and representation of Rocky Mountain elements (4) increases in three major steps from south to north along the coast—at the Puget Lowland/Fraser River valley, the Prince Rupert area, and the Kenai Peninsula, respectively. Patterns of vicariance among sister taxa in the carabid beetle genus Nebria demonstrate relationships which, together with analyses of other faunal elements, show that the fauna of glaciated portions of the Coastal region has greatest affinity with faunas of southern coastal areas, less affinity with those of southern interior areas, and least affinity with faunas of northern areas. Areas of local endemism within the region include the Aleutian Archipelago, the southeastern Alaskan Panhandle, the Queen Charlotte Archipelago, the Olympic Peninsula/Vancouver Island, the northern Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains system, and the Sierra Nevada. The extant coastal insect fauna has evolved from a widespread northern Tertiary fauna, elements of which were isolated in several separate refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. The northern two-thirds of the region has been recolonized in postglacial time from both coastal and interior refugia south of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. Local endemism in the region reflects survival and differentiation of a few forms in small coastal refugia; but survivors from these refugia, as well as those from the Yukon/Beringian refugium, have generally been unable to extend their ranges to other parts of the Coastal region following deglaciation.

Role of selection versus historical isolation in racial differentiation of ponderosa pine in southern Oregon: an investigation of alternative hypotheses

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1127-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C Sorensen ◽  
Nancy L Mandel ◽  
Jan E Aagaard
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Highly Correlated

Continuous populations identified as Pacific and North Plateau races of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. Laws. ex C. Laws.) are parapatric along the crest of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon. A 3-year common-garden study of bud phenology and seedling vigor was performed to estimate the nature and magnitude of differentiation between races, to characterize the transition zone between them, and to relate responses between and within races to topography and climate. Principal component (PC) analyses identified two significant character complexes, PC-1 (phenological traits) and PC-2 (size traits), that explained 73% of the geographic race-related variation. The races were differentiated in two regards. First, PC-1 scores, which were highly correlated with frost-free season and summer-winter temperature differential, displayed a sharp discontinuity in the transition zone. Second, PC-2 scores were significantly correlated with physiographic and climatic variables in the North Plateau but not in the Pacific race, even though these variables had greater ranges in the latter. The data supported a narrow, adaptive transition between races for a complex of traits probably related to cold hardiness, and provided evidence that plant vigor traits were more closely adapted to environments in the North Plateau than in the Pacific region, possibly as a consequence of past climatic-stress selection in the former and competitive-stress selection in the latter.

Electrophoretic Resolution of Species Boundaries in Tube-Nosed Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Australia and Papua New Guinea.

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
S.C. Donnellan ◽  
T.B. Reardon ◽  
T.F. Flannery
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
The North ◽  
Electrophoretic Resolution

Allozyme variation at 19-34 loci is used in the present study to define species boundaries in Australian and Papuan New Guinean tube-nosed bats. Current systematic accounts for these bats are in part contradictory and do not provide an adequate basis for distinguishing the species. Results obtained from the allozyme electrophoretic analysis of 178 individuals show that there are a minimum of five species of Nyctimene and one of Paranyctimene in the region. A single species of Nyctimene was found in Australia and at least four species of Nyctimene in the north coastal ranges of Papua New Guinea. Paranyctimene was genetically uniform and was found in sympatry with up to three species of Nyctimene over most of its range. While the scientific names of several of the species were determined, the nomenclature of the remainder requires a morphological analysis of the available material, including type specimens.

North America III: West of the Rockies

Horse Nations ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Columbia Plateau ◽  
Pacific Northwest Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Eastern Washington

This chapter looks at three more regions of North America: the Columbia Plateau and adjacent areas of the Pacific Northwest Coast; the Great Basin; and California. It also focuses on three main themes: the development of new identities as many groups adapted aspects of the lifestyle and customs of those on the Plains and more coherent tribal entities emerged; raiding for captives; and raiding for horses. A fourth topic, which casts these into relief, is why some groups rejected the horse, or chose to adopt it very late in their history. The Great Basin was the first of the three areas to receive the horse. It is an arid region of desert, salt lakes, and mountains where rainfall is unpredictable and low, but increases eastward (Plate 15). Except for the Colorado along its southern edge and the headwaters in the rockies of streams draining towards the Missouri, none of its rivers reach the sea. Fremont farmers had once made a living across Utah, but by the 1600s cultivation was restricted to a few groups in the south and west. Elsewhere, the Basin’s inhabitants depended entirely on hunting and gathering, though strategies like burning enhanced the productivity of wild plants and game. Very broadly, two subsistence patterns were followed: one emphasized fish and waterfowl around wetlands, the other a more mobile, broadly based foraging economy in deserts and mountains in which pine nuts (piñons), grass seeds, rabbits, and larger game were important. Except for the Washoe near Lake Tahoe in eastern California, all the region’s historic inhabitants spoke Numic languages. Major groups included Utes in the southeast, Shoshones in the north and centre, and Paiutes in the west and southwest. To the north of the Great Basin lies the Plateau, centred on the Columbia River and its tributaries, which collectively send their waters into the Pacific Ocean (Plate 16). Coniferous forest covers its northern and eastern parts (including several ranges running parallel to but west of the Rockies), but the drier, hilly country of Oregon and eastern Washington is more steppe-like, with sagebrush common and trees more localized.

An ultrastructural study of sertoli cells in two geographically isolated populations of Aphanius dispar

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
Taber A. Ba-Omar ◽  
Philip F. Prentis
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Freshwater Teleost ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
The North ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Group B ◽  
Geographically Isolated

We have recently carried out a study of spermiogenic differentiation in two geographically isolated populations of Aphanius dispar (freshwater teleost), with a view to ascertaining variation at the ultrastructural level. The sampling areas were the Jebel Al Akhdar in the north (Group A) and the Dhofar region (Group B) in the south. Specimens from each group were collected, the testes removed, fixed in Karnovsky solution, post fixed in OsO, en bloc stained with uranyl acetate and then routinely processed to Agar 100 resin, semi and ultrathin sections were prepared for study.

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