Relationships between weather patterns, Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis) stress, and possible tip weevil (Pissodesstrobi) infestation levels

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis L. Warkentin ◽  
D.L. Overhulser ◽  
R.I. Gara ◽  
T.M. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Olympic Peninsula ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) regimes were determined for Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) plantations growing in coastal and inland sites of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. Relationships between VPD regimes on patterns of stomatal conductance, stem hydration, and xylem pressure potential were examined in Sitka spruce saplings growing on these two sites. These patterns and VPD regimes were analyzed in relation to areas known to sustain either low or high infestation levels of the tip weevil (Pissodesstrobi (Peck) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)). High VPD regimes of inland Sitka spruce plantations were frequently observed in the summers and were associated with clear days and on-shore breezes; in synchrony with high VPD regimes, the trees of these areas exhibited water stress and decreased photosynthesis. In turn, these factors might contribute to lowered host defenses against tip weevil attacks. Coastal sites generally experienced lower VPD regimes and, consequently, infrequent water stress and stomatal closure, and spruces growing near the coast were mostly associated with low tip weevil attack.

Stomatal control and the development of water deficit in Engelmann spruce seedlings during drought

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merrill R. Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of soil drying on water relations of Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii Engelm.) were studied by withholding water from 4-year-old potted seedlings in full sunlight and under a shade screen transmitting 55–60% light. During a period of 2 months, xylem pressure potential, water vapor conductance, and transpirational flux density gradually declined compared with well watered controls, with drying being more rapid in full sunlight. As drying progressed, xylem pressure potential at 0 transpiration (predawn potential) decreased and the slope of the relationship between xylem pressure potential and transpirational flux density became more negative. Hysteresis in the relationship occurred when predawn xylem pressure potential was −6 bars (1 bar = 105 Pa) or lower. Needle conductance during daylight hours decreased as the absolute humidity difference from leaf to air increased but conductances were lower in September than in August for given humidity differences. Xylem pressure potentials between −15 and −19 bars had no clear effect on conductance in August but apparently caused significant stomatal closure in September. Because of humidity-induced stomatal closure, evaporative demand had little effect on transpirational flux density over a broad range of humidity gradient. Thus increased leaf-to-air vapor gradients for transpiration are not always accompanied by increased transpiration.

Changes in xylem pressure potential of red spruce seedlings treated with ozone and simulated acid rain

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1200-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Roberts ◽  
William N. Cannon Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Acid Rainfall ◽  
Area Expansion ◽  
Air Control

Two-year-old containerized seedlings of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) were exposed for 8 weeks to charcoal-filtered air (control) or to 7 and 15 parts per hundred million (pphm) ozone (O3) alone and 15 pphm O3 in combination with simulated acid rainfall at pH 4.2 and 3.0 prior to measuring shoot xylem pressure potential. Pressure potential determinations for seedlings treated with O3 alone or O3 + acid rain were always higher (less negative) than similar determinations made on comparable seedlings grown in charcoal-filtered air. These results suggest that exposure to atmospheric deposition may affect xylem pressure potential indirectly by influencing transpirational water loss via stomatal closure and (or) reductions in leaf area expansion. Calculations of osmotic potential and turgor pressure suggest the possibility of some osmotic adjustment in response to deposition stress in this species.

scholarly journals Short-Term Exposure to High Atmospheric Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) Severely Impacts Durum Wheat Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in the Absence of Edaphic Water Stress

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Dorra Fakhet ◽  
Fermín Morales ◽  
Iván Jauregui ◽  
Gorka Erice ◽  
Pedro M. Aparicio-Tejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
N Metabolism

Low atmospheric relative humidity (RH) accompanied by elevated air temperature and decreased precipitation are environmental challenges that wheat production will face in future decades. These changes to the atmosphere are causing increases in air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and low soil water availability during certain periods of the wheat-growing season. The main objective of this study was to analyze the physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional response of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism of wheat (Triticum durum cv. Sula) to increases in VPD and soil water stress conditions, either alone or in combination. Plants were first grown in well-watered conditions and near-ambient temperature and RH in temperature-gradient greenhouses until anthesis, and they were then subjected to two different water regimes well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS), i.e., watered at 50% of the control for one week, followed by two VPD levels (low, 1.01/0.36 KPa and high, 2.27/0.62 KPa; day/night) for five additional days. Both VPD and soil water content had an important impact on water status and the plant physiological apparatus. While high VPD and water stress-induced stomatal closure affected photosynthetic rates, in the case of plants watered at 50%, high VPD also caused a direct impairment of the RuBisCO large subunit, RuBisCO activase and the electron transport rate. Regarding N metabolism, the gene expression, nitrite reductase (NIR) and transport levels detected in young leaves, as well as determinations of the δ15N and amino acid profiles (arginine, leucine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, and serine) indicated activation of N metabolism and final transport of nitrate to leaves and photosynthesizing cells. On the other hand, under low VPD conditions, a positive effect was only observed on gene expression related to the final step of nitrate supply to photosynthesizing cells, whereas the amount of 15N supplied to the roots that reached the leaves decreased. Such an effect would suggest an impaired N remobilization from other organs to young leaves under water stress conditions and low VPD.

Influence of artificial shade on water stress of containerized ponderosa pine seedlings

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Buchanan ◽  
Michael F. Davault ◽  
James T. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Sacramento Mountains ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Relative Water

Artificially shaded and unshaded containerized Pinusponderosa Laws, seedlings were planted in the Sacramento Mountains of southern New Mexico on July 29, 1975. Xylem pressure potential (Pstem) and relative water content (RWC) were measured four times per day from August 1 to 16, 1975. Shading had little effect on RWC but significantly increased Pstem; midafternoon (1530 hours, MDST) increase averaged 2 bars (1 bar = 105 Pa). During the study RWC ranged from 86 to 94% and Pstem ranged from −4 to −10 bars. At the end of September no mortality had occurred in either treatment.

Relation between root system size and water inflow capacity of Abiesamabilis growing in a subalpine forest

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert O. Teskey ◽  
Charles C. Grier ◽  
Thomas M. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
System Size ◽  
Water Inflow ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential

The water inflow capacity of the root systems of several 15- to 18-year-old Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) trees was investigated under field conditions. Severance of as much as one-third of the roots had no effect on xylem pressure potential, leaf conductance, or transpiration throughout the day following this treatment. Severance of more than half of the root system caused a decline in xylem pressure potential and partial stomatal closure. Measurements from trees which had been completely severed from their roots indicated that stored water made only a small contribution to the supply of water to the foliage of these trees. It was concluded that a balance did not exist between the capacity for water inflow and the rate of foliar water loss, at least in periods without drought. One advantage of excess absorptive capacity may be the ability to obtain adequate amounts of water from relatively small portions of the rooting zone.

Stomatal conductance patterns and environment in high elevation phreatophytes of Wyoming

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Foster ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Threshold Response ◽  
Populus Angustifolia ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Air Vapor Pressure Deficit

High-elevation (2305 m) phreatophytes (cottonwood, Populus angustifolia James, and willows, Salix monticola Nutt. and Salix exigua Bebb) in southeastern Wyoming commonly showed a pattern of increasing stomatal conductance (g1) throughout the day, despite minimum leaf water potentials (ψ1) as low as −2.7 MPa. Diurnally, light and leaf temperature were the most important variables influencing g1, but there were also threshold values of ψ1 and leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit for stomatal closure. Seasonally, maximum daily g1 (gmax) was similar between species, was positively related to minimum air temperature the previous night, and showed a threshold response to soil temperature. Two types of evidence existed for large soil-to-leaf conductances (gs–l) and for liquid water being available to the roots. The first was no change in ψ1 despite increasing transpiration during the afternoon. The second was rapid evening recovery of ψ1 often to values higher than mean soil water potential to 60-cm depth. The combination of low atmospheric pressures at high elevation, large gs–l, and access to a water table may explain how these phreatophytes attained gmax of 0.8–0.9 mol m−2 s−1, much higher than gmax of low-elevation phreatophytes or high-elevation nonphreatophytes. Key words: Populus, Salix, phreatophyte, stomatal conductance, xylem pressure potential.

Stomatal and photosynthetic response of sweet gum (Liquidambarstyraciflua) to flooding

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Pezeshki ◽  
J. L. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Photosynthetic Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential

Effects of short-term flooding on stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, and water status of sweet gum (Liquidambarstyraciflua L.) seedlings were studied under controlled environment conditions. Flooding for 9 days induced partial stomatal closure, resulting in significant declines in transpiration and net photosynthesis. The response to flooding was rapid with an average daily stomatal conductance declining from a preflood level of 0.43 cm•s−1 to 0.26 cm•s−1 by 24 h after flooding began (40% reduction). The average preflooding daily net photosynthesis was reduced from 13.7 to 10.2 mg CO2•dm−2•h−1 (25% reduction) during the same period and the average daily stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis for the 9th day of flooding were reduced by 70 and 77%, respectively, compared with preflood levels. The leaf xylem pressure potential measurements, however, indicated that water deficits did not develop as a result of flooding. Partial stomatal reopening 3 days after termination of flooding was noted with an average daily stomatal conductance approaching 63% of the preflood levels and an average daily net photosynthesis reaching 46% of its preflood levels. Maintenance of positive net photosynthesis throughout flooding, and partial stomatal and photosynthetic recovery following drainage may account for the tolerance of sweet gum seedlings to short-term flooding.

A simulation of water relations of white oak based on soil moisture and atmospheric evaporative demand

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Thompson ◽  
T. M. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Resistance ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Predicted Values

A model was described which simulated xylem pressure potential and leaf surface resistance for a white oak (Quercusalba L.) tree and several saplings in central Missouri. The simulation was accomplished using a deterministic approach and was applicable from after leaf maturation in the spring to leaf senescence in the fall. Soil moisture content, vapor pressure deficit, and solar radiation were the required driving variables. The Ohm's law analogy describing water potentials and fluxes in the soil–plant–atmospheric continuum served as the basis for the model. The model was tested with data not used in the original parameter estimation, and very close agreement between observed and predicted values was found. The patterns of xylem pressure potential and leaf surface resistance obtained from simulation runs imply that white oak has a significant amount of stress tolerance and an ability to avoid severe dehydration.

scholarly journals Stomatal behavior and components of the antioxidative system in coffee plants under water stress

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidnei Deuner ◽  
José Donizeti Alves ◽  
Ilisandra Zanandrea ◽  
Patrícia de Fátima Pereira Goulart ◽  
Neidiquele Maria Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide Formation ◽  
In The Beginning

Coffee (Coffea arabica) plants show a positive relationship between stomatal closure and formation and accumulation of H2O2. However, for coffee plants under water restriction such relationship has never been studied. The objective of the present study was evaluate the stomatal movement and the antioxidant capacity of coffee seedlings under different water regimes. Eight months old coffee seedlings of cv. Catuaí IAC 99 were submitted to field capacity, gradual and total suspension of irrigation during a period of 21 days. Evaluations of leaf water potential (Ψw) were performed in the beginning of the morning, and stomatal resistance, transpiration rate and vapor pressure deficit were determined at 10 am and 5 pm. All biochemical and enzymatic determinations were performed in leaves collected at 5 pm. Evaluations and samplings were performed at three days intervals. There was no variation in Ψw during the evaluated period for plants in field capacity. However, an expressive decrease of Ψw following day 12, reaching values near -2.5 MPa at the end of the experiment was observed for plants submitted to gradual suspension of irrigation. For plants submitted to total suspension of irrigation, Ψw decreases after the sixth day, reaching -2.5 MPa at day 15. The decay of Ψw in plants submitted to gradual and total suspension of irrigation reflected in increased stomatal resistance and in a decreased transpiration rate leading to an increase in hydrogen peroxide formation and, on final stages, increase in lipid peroxidation. As a conclusion, an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes as well as in the levels of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate was observed, which act in the detoxification of free radicals formed as result of the water stress.

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